| 1 |
Fronds simple, digitate, or pedate with pinnae clustered at apex of stipe and no discernable main rachis |
|
(2) |
| + |
Fronds 1(-3)-pinnate, lateral pinnae 2 pairs or more, sometimes forked |
|
(25) |
| |
|
|
|
| 2 (1) |
Fronds digitate or subdigitate, with 5-7(-9) pinnae clustered at apex of stipe and no discernable rachis |
|
(3) |
| + |
Fronds simple or 2- or 3-pinnulate |
|
(11) |
| |
|
|
|
| 3 (2) |
Margins of sterile pinnae entire. |
|
3 P. stenophylla |
| + |
Margins of sterile pinnae serrate |
|
(4) |
| |
|
|
|
| 4 (3) |
Mature fronds monomorphic or nearly so |
|
(5) |
| + |
Mature fronds distinctly dimorphic |
|
(8) |
| |
|
|
|
| 5 (4) |
Stipes castaneous, sometimes margins slightly straw-colored; sterile pinna margins coarsely and acutely serrate. |
|
18 P. plumbea |
| + |
Stipes straw-colored, brownish at base; sterile pinna margins finely serrate |
|
(6) |
| |
|
|
|
| 6 (5) |
Rhizome long creeping or procumbent; plants 15-40 cm tall; stipes 15-30 cm; pinnae mostly 5-7, digitate. |
|
7 P. dactylina |
| + |
Rhizome erect or ascending; plants 5-15 cm tall; lateral pinnae often one pair and each forked |
|
(7) |
| |
|
|
|
| 7 (6) |
Terminal pinna linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apex; lateral pinnae each 2 or 3(or 4)-forked into linear-lanceolate pinnules. |
|
9 P. gallinopes |
| + |
Terminal pinna ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at apex; lateral pinnae oblong-obovate, each at base on basiscopic side with an almost freely divided lobe. |
|
35 P. xiaoyingiae |
| |
|
|
|
| 8 (4) |
Lamina with many false veins between true veins; Taiwan. |
|
22 P. kidoi |
| + |
Lamina without false veins |
|
(9) |
| |
|
|
|
| 9 (8) |
Fertile pinnules 3-5 mm wide; Taiwan. |
|
21 P. ryukyuensis |
| + |
Fertile pinnules 5-12 mm wide |
|
(10) |
| |
|
|
|
| 10 (9) |
Margins of rhizome scales sparsely ciliate; widespread but not recorded from Hainan. |
|
19 P. cretica |
| + |
Margins of rhizome scales entire; Hainan. |
|
6 P. morii |
| |
|
|
|
| 11 (2) |
Base of lamina cordate. |
|
32 P. liboensis |
| + |
Base of lamina tapered, cuneate or subobtuse |
|
(12) |
| |
|
|
|
| 12 (11) |
Fronds always simple; Hainan. |
|
34 P. changjiangensis |
| + |
Sterile fronds 3-pinnulate, sometimes also simple |
|
(13) |
| |
|
|
|
| 13 (12) |
Plants often with both simple and 3-forked fronds; Yunnan |
|
(14) |
| + |
Fronds always 3-pinnulate, never simple |
|
(15) |
| |
|
|
|
| 14 (13) |
Fertile fronds simple or 3-forked; fronds (or pinnae) lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, up to 15 cm; sterile fronds simple or 2-forked; fronds (or pinnae) lanceolate, adaxially without pale green band along costa; SE Yunnan. |
|
1 P. pseudopellucida |
| + |
Fertile fronds simple, narrowly linear, up to 50 cm; sterile fronds 3-forked, pinnae linear, adaxially with distinct pale green band along costa; S Yunnan. |
|
2 P. undulatipinna |
| |
|
|
|
| 15 (13) |
Terminal pinna sessile or subsessile |
|
(16) |
| + |
Terminal pinna stalked, stalk 1-2(-3) cm |
|
(20) |
| |
|
|
|
| 16 (15) |
Pinnae broadly lanceolate or lateral pair subovate, 1-2 cm wide |
|
(17) |
| + |
Pinnae linear, 0.3-1 cm wide |
|
(18) |
| |
|
|
|
| 17 (16) |
Plants 10-25(-40) cm tall; pinnae often 5-8 cm; terminal pinna acuminate (sometimes shortly acuminate); lateral pinnae never lobed. |
|
12 P. deltodon |
| + |
Plants 4-6.5(-7) cm tall; pinnae often 1.5-2.5(-3.1) cm; terminal pinna obtuse at apex; each lateral pinna at base with or without a basiscopic lobe. |
|
35 P. xiaoyingiae |
| |
|
|
|
| 18 (16) |
Pinna margin entire or slightly undulate; Xizang. |
|
3 P. stenophylla |
| + |
Pinna margin finely toothed or with undulate teeth |
|
(19) |
| |
|
|
|
| 19 (18) |
Pinna margin finely undulate toothed, veinlets ca. 28 per cm; Taiwan. |
|
4 P. confertinervia |
| + |
Pinna margin denticulate, veinlets ca. 10 per cm. |
|
7 P. dactylina |
| |
|
|
|
| 20 (15) |
Fronds dimorphic; pinnae 2.5-3.5 cm wide |
|
(21) |
| + |
Fronds monomorphic; pinnae up to 2 cm wide |
|
(23) |
| |
|
|
|
| 21 (20) |
Fronds obviously dimorphic; sterile lamina with lateral pinnae falcate-ovate to lanceolate, simple; fertile lamina with lateral pinnae simple or forked, linear in outline, caudate toward apex. |
|
12 P. sanduensis (see P. deltodon) |
| + |
Fronds not obviously dimorphic, with ovate-oblong lateral pinnae, simple in both sterile and fertile fronds |
|
(22) |
| |
|
|
|
| 22 (21) |
Sterile pinnae 2.5-3 cm wide, margins crenulate; terminal pinna of fertile frond subsessile; Hainan. |
|
5 P. crassiuscula |
| + |
Sterile pinnae ca. 3.5 cm wide, margins sparsely serrate; terminal pinna of fertile frond long stalked; Guangdong. |
|
33 P. nanlingensis |
| |
|
|
|
| 23 (20) |
Terminal pinna broadly lanceolate. |
|
12 P. deltodon |
| + |
Terminal pinna lanceolate |
|
(24) |
| |
|
|
|
| 24 (23) |
Pinna margins coarsely and acutely serrate; lateral pinnae as long as terminal pinna; rhizome erect, ca. 6 mm thick. |
|
13 P. olivacea |
| + |
Pinna margins serrate only on upper portion, lower parts entire; lateral pinnae shorter than terminal pinna; rhizome prostrate, ca. 3 mm thick. |
|
14 P. baksaensis |
| |
|
|
|
| 25 (1) |
Fronds 3-pinnate; pinnules 20 or more, 0.5-1.3 cm. |
|
30 P. cryptogrammoides |
| + |
Fronds 1(or 2)-pinnate; pinnules mostly much more than 5 cm, if less then fronds 1-pinnate, pinnules fewer than 10 |
|
(26) |
| |
|
|
|
| 26 (25) |
Lateral pinnae not forked (basal fertile pinnae occasionally with single basiscopic pinnule) |
|
(27) |
| + |
Lateral pinnae forked or basiscopically branched |
|
(39) |
| |
|
|
|
| 27 (26) |
Lateral pinnae often 30-40 pairs, shorter gradually downward. |
|
28 P. vittata |
| + |
Lateral pinnae less than 16 pairs, not gradually reduced downward |
|
(28) |
| |
|
|
|
| 28 (27) |
Margins of sterile pinnae entire, ?undulate |
|
(29) |
| + |
Margins of sterile pinnae dentate or serrate |
|
(31) |
| |
|
|
|
| 29 (28) |
Pinnae shiny and smooth adaxially, pinna margins distinctly pleated. |
|
25 P. venusta |
| + |
Pinnae not shiny or smooth adaxially, pinna margins slightly undulate |
|
(30) |
| |
|
|
|
| 30 (29) |
Pinnae glabrous. |
|
26 P. insignis |
| + |
Pinnae basal parts and costa sparsely softly hairy. |
|
27 P. menglaensis |
| |
|
|
|
| 31 (28) |
Sterile pinnae ovate or oblong-lanceolate, margins with rough and acute teeth. |
|
12 P. deltodon |
| + |
Sterile pinnae narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins finely dentate or serrate |
|
(32) |
| |
|
|
|
| 32 (31) |
Lamina with many false veins between true veins; Taiwan. |
|
22 P. kidoi |
| + |
Lamina without false veins |
|
(33) |
| |
|
|
|
| 33 (32) |
Sterile pinnae narrowly linear, often 2-4 mm wide. |
|
10 P. henryi |
| + |
Sterile pinnae broadly linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 9-35 mm wide |
|
(34) |
| |
|
|
|
| 34 (33) |
Sterile pinnae linear-lanceolate, margins with fine undulate teeth; veinlets very closely spaced, ca. 28 per cm. |
|
4 P. confertinervia |
| + |
Sterile pinnae lanceolate, margins finely dentate; veinlets fewer |
|
(35) |
| |
|
|
|
| 35 (34) |
Median sterile pinnae 4-6 ?ca. 1 cm. |
|
29 P. ensiformis |
| + |
Median sterile pinnae 9-23 ?1.5-3.5 cm |
|
(36) |
| |
|
|
|
| 36 (35) |
Stipe glabrous; pinnule margins obtusely serrate |
|
(37) |
| + |
Sterile stipe scaly; pinnule often with conspicuous pale central band, margins irregularly dentate; Taiwan |
|
(38) |
| |
|
|
|
| 37 (36) |
Fronds herbaceous; Hainan. |
|
6 P. morii |
| + |
Fronds papery; Yunnan. |
|
19 P. cretica |
| |
|
|
|
| 38 (36) |
Pinnule often with conspicuous pale central band; fertile pinnules ca. 15 mm wide. |
|
20 P. nipponica |
| + |
Pinnule uniformly green; fertile pinnules 3-5 mm wide. |
|
21 P. ryukyuensis |
| |
|
|
|
| 39 (26) |
Lateral pinnae often with 1-3 basiscopic branches, lowest pair (or basal pairs) often with 2 or 3 branches or subpinnate |
|
(40) |
| + |
Basal pinnae with 1 or 2 basiscopic branches, occasionally second and third pairs with basiscopic branches (rarely to fifth pair) |
|
(43) |
| |
|
|
|
| 40 (39) |
Lateral pinnae forked; ultimate pinnules of sterile fronds linear, apically long acuminate |
|
(41) |
| + |
Lateral pinnae (especially sterile frond) subpinnate; pinnules of sterile fronds or segments broadly lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, or linear-lanceolate, apically acuminate |
|
(42) |
| |
|
|
|
| 41 (40) |
Stipe and rachis light straw-colored, glabrous or ?rough. |
|
10 P. henryi |
| + |
Stipe and rachis chestnut-brownish, rough, sometimes glabrous. |
|
11 P. actiniopteroides |
| |
|
|
|
| 42 (40) |
Apical pinnae decurrent at base forming thin wings along rachises; sterile pinnules linear-lanceolate, apically acuminate. |
|
31 P. multifida |
| + |
Apical pinnae not decurrent on rachises; sterile pinnules broadly lanceolate or oblong, apically obtuse, sometimes acute. |
|
29 P. ensiformis |
| |
|
|
|
| 43 (39) |
Fronds with 2 pairs of lateral pinnae |
|
(44) |
| + |
Fronds with more than 3 pairs of lateral pinnae, rarely only 3 pairs |
|
(50) |
| |
|
|
|
| 44 (43) |
Sterile pinnae 2-4(-8) mm wide, margins with narrow, acute teeth |
|
(45) |
| + |
Sterile pinnae 10-20 mm wide |
|
(47) |
| |
|
|
|
| 45 (44) |
Fertile fronds longer than sterile fronds; lamina hard papery when dry. |
|
8 P. angustipinna |
| + |
Fertile fronds as long as sterile fronds; lamina hard herbaceous when dry |
|
(46) |
| |
|
|
|
| 46 (45) |
Stipe and rachis slightly straw-colored, glabrous or ?rough. |
|
10 P. henryi |
| + |
Stipe and rachis castaneous-brownish, sometimes glabrous or rough. |
|
11 P. actiniopteroides |
| |
|
|
|
| 47 (44) |
Margins of sterile pinnae slightly serrate; Hainan. |
|
6 P. morii |
| + |
Margins of sterile pinnae densely and sharply serrate |
|
(48) |
| |
|
|
|
| 48 (47) |
Stipe and rachis castaneous, midvein brown near base; E and S China. |
|
18 P. plumbea |
| + |
Stipe up to basal part of lamina straw-colored, basal part of midvein abaxially slightly brown-straw-colored or straw-colored |
|
(49) |
| |
|
|
|
| 49 (48) |
Pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 1 cm wide, shortly acuminate, basal pair with stalk ca. 1 cm. |
|
15 P. quinquefoliata |
| + |
Pinnae lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, basal pair sessile or subsessile. |
|
16 P. guangdongensis |
| |
|
|
|
| 50 (43) |
Pinna margins entire |
|
(51) |
| + |
Pinna margins ?serrate |
|
(53) |
| |
|
|
|
| 51 (50) |
Pinnae shiny and smooth, margins distinctly pleated. |
|
25 P. venusta |
| + |
Pinnae not shiny or smooth, margins slightly undulate |
|
(52) |
| |
|
|
|
| 52 (51) |
Apical pinnae with stipes, not decurrent at base; lateral pinnae 6-14 pairs, pinnae fertile only on upper portion, lower pinnae sterile and stalked. |
|
26 P. insignis |
| + |
Apical pinnae decurrent along rachis; lateral pinnae 3 pairs, basal pair sessile, second and third pairs of pinnae with decurrent base along rachis. |
|
24 P. longipinna |
| |
|
|
|
| 53 (50) |
Apical 2 or 3 pairs or more of lateral pinnae long decurrent at base, forming thin wings along rachises. |
|
31 P. multifida |
| + |
Apical pinnae 3-forked or sometimes adjacent pair of lateral pinnae ?decurrent, rarely not decurrent |
|
(54) |
| |
|
|
|
| 54 (53) |
Fronds monomorphic, sometimes subdimorphic |
|
(55) |
| + |
Fronds conspicuously dimorphic |
|
(58) |
| |
|
|
|
| 55 (54) |
Pinnules linear, ca. 3 mm wide; fronds monomorphic, sometimes slightly dimorphic |
|
(56) |
| + |
Pinnules lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm wide; fronds monomorphic |
|
(57) |
| |
|
|
|
| 56 (55) |
Stipe and rachis light straw-colored, smooth or ?rough. |
|
10 P. henryi |
| + |
Stipe and rachis castaneous-brownish, rough or sometimes glabrous. |
|
11 P. actiniopteroides |
| |
|
|
|
| 57 (55) |
Pinnae lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, apically acuminate, basal pinna pair sessile or nearly so; Guangdong. |
|
16 P. guangdongensis |
| + |
Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, apically obtuse, basal pinna pair stalked; Guangxi. |
|
17 P. hui |
| |
|
|
|
| 58 (54) |
Lamina herbaceous; Guangdong and Hainan |
|
(59) |
| + |
Lamina papery to slightly leathery; E to SW China, not in Hainan |
|
(60) |
| |
|
|
|
| 59 (58) |
Median sterile pinnae 9-23 ?1.5-2.5 cm. |
|
6 P. morii |
| + |
Median sterile pinnae 4-6 ?ca. 1 cm. |
|
29 P. ensiformis |
| |
|
|
|
| 60 (58) |
Plants 50-70 cm; sterile pinnae narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, 1-2 cm wide, papery when dry; stipe always smooth. |
|
19 P. cretica |
| + |
Plants up to 1.5 m; sterile pinnae lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm wide, slightly leathery when dry; stipe sometimes with distal part verrucose-tuberculate. |
|
23 P. esquirolii |
