34. Achatocarpaceae Heimerl
Achatocarpus Family
Barney L. Lipscomb
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets spinescent, sometimes with scattered thorns. Leaves alternate, sometimes fasciculate, exstipulate; blade spatulate to oblanceolate to elliptic, margins entire, venation pinnate. Inflorescences axillary racemes or panicles, or flowers solitary; bracts 0.5-1 mm; bracteoles present or absent. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same plant; perianth simple; tepals 4-5, imbricate, distinct, herbaceous. Staminate flowers: stamens [10-]12-14[-20], exserted; filaments filiform, 1-1.5[-2] mm; anthers basifixed, oblong, ex-trorsely dehiscent. Pistillate flowers: pistils 2-carpellate; ovary 1-locular; style absent; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruits berries. Seed 1, lenticular, without true endosperm; embryo annular, surrounding perisperm.
Genera 2, species 16 (1 genus, 1 species in the flora): North America, South America.
Achatocarpaceae has been included in Phytolaccaceae by numerous authors (e.g., G. K. Brown and G. S. Varadarajan 1985). Achatocarpaceae is distinguished from Phytolaccaceae by a combination of characters, chiefly unilocular ovaries with a single ovule, unisexual flowers, berrylike fruits, and pollen with obscure pores. Minute vessel pits, lack of successive cambia, and lack of betalains or anthocyanins are characters further separating Achatocarpaceae from Phytolaccaceae (S. Carlquist 2000). Both genera, Achatocarpus Triana and Phaulothamnus, have the protein type of sieve-tube plastid characteristic of the centrospermous families (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1979). The similar pollen morphology---spheroidal shape, apertures mostly of 4-6 large, poorly defined pores, and scabrate tectum---also supports the close relationship of Achatocarpus and Phaulothamnus and reinforces the case for separate family status (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1982).
SELECTED REFERENCES
Brown, G. K. and G. S. Varadarajan. 1985. Studies in Caryophyllales I: Re-evaluation of classification of Phytolaccaceae s.l. Syst. Bot. 10: 49-63. Carlquist, S. 2000. Wood and bark anatomy of Achatocarpaceae. Sida 19: 71-78. Eliasson, U. H. 1993. Achatocarpaceae. In: G. Harling et al., eds. 1973+. Flora of Ecuador. 60+ nos. Göteborg. No. 46. Heimerl, A. 1934b. Achatocarpaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien..., ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 16c, pp. 174-178. Nowicke, J. W. and J. J. Skvarla. 1982. Pollen fine structure and relationships of Achatocarpus Triana and Phaulothamnus A. Gray. Taxon 31: 244-249.
