1. AMMANNIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 119. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 55. 1754.
Toothcup, redstem [For Paul Ammann, 1634–1691, Professor of Botany at Leipzig]
Shirley A. Graham
Hionanthera A. Fernandes & Diniz; Nesaea Commerson ex Kunth
Herbs, annual or perennial, terrestrial or amphibious [aquatic], 1–10 dm, glabrous [puberulent]. Stems erect or trailing, glaucous or not throughout, branched or unbranched, anthocyanic in age, submerged stems sometimes thickened by aerenchymatous spongy tissue. Leaves opposite [subopposite or whorled]; sessile; blade linear, linear-lanceolate, oblong, linear-oblong, lanceolate, elliptic, or spatulate [ovate], base cordate or auriculate [attenuate]. Inflorescences indeterminate, axillary, simple or compound cymes or solitary flowers [racemes or capitula]. Flowers sessile, subsessile, or pedicellate, actinomorphic, monostylous [di- or tristylous]; floral tube perigynous, campanulate or urceolate, semiglobose to globose in fruit, often 8–12[–16]-ribbed; epicalyx segments shorter than or as long as sepals [longer than or absent]; sepals 4–6[–8], to 1/4 floral tube length; petals caducous [persistent], (0–)4–8, deep rose purple, pale pink, white, or pale lavender, sometimes with rose purple midvein or basal spot, obovate to suborbiculate; nectariferous tissue present at ovary-floral tube junction; stamens 4–12(–14)[–27]; ovary incompletely (1 or)2–5-locular; placenta globose [elongate]; style slender and well-exserted or stout and included; stigma capitate or punctiform. Fruits capsules, walls thin and dry, indehiscent, splitting irregularly at maturity or initially circumscissile then splitting irregularly. Seeds [2–]100+, obovoid to semiglobose, concave-convex, 0.3–0.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm; cotyledons ± complanate.
Species ca. 80 (5 in the flora): North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia; worldwide in temperate to subtropical and tropical areas.
Ammannia was expanded from ca. 25 species to ca. 80 with the inclusion of Hionanthera and Nesaea following multi-gene molecular phylogenetic evidence that the genera form a monophyly (S. A. Graham et al. 2011). Africa is the center of diversity for the genus.
Ammannia frequently grows with the closely similar Rotala ramosior. In the flora area, the auriculate leaf bases of Ammannia expediently separate it from Rotala; leaf bases are tapered in R. ramosior.
SELECTED REFERENCES Graham, S. A. 1985. A revision of Ammannia (Lythraceae) in the Western Hemisphere. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 395–420. Howell, J. T. 1985. The genus Ammannia (Lythraceae) in western United States and Canada. Wasmann J. Biol. 43: 72–74.
