Southern bladder fern, lowland brittle fern

Cystopteris fragilis (Linnaeus) Bernhardi var. protrusa Weatherby, Rhodora 37: 373. 1935

Stems creeping, not cordlike, internodes long, 0.5--1 cm, with persistent petiole bases, covered with tan to golden hairs, especially toward apex; scales tan to light brown, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, radial walls thin, luminae tan, mostly crowded at stem apex. Leaves seasonally dimorphic, clustered 1 to several cm beyond persistent old petiole bases, especially in late spring and early summer, to 45 cm, bearing sori (earliest leaves smaller, sterile, coarsely divided, margins with rounded teeth; subsequent leaves larger, fertile, more finely divided, margins with sharply pointed teeth). Petiole mostly green to straw-colored throughout, shorter than or nearly equaling blade, base sparsely scaly. Blade ovate to elliptic, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, widest at or just below middle, apex broadly acute; rachis and costae lacking gland-tipped hairs or bulblets; axils of pinnae lacking multicellular, gland-tipped hairs. Pinnae usually perpendicular to rachis, not curving toward blade apex, margins dentate to serrate; proximal pinnae pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid, ± equilateral, basiscopic pinnules not enlarged, basal basiscopic pinnules stalked, base truncate to obtuse; distal pinnae deltate to ovate. Veins mostly directed into teeth. Indusia ovate to cup-shaped, lacking gland-tipped hairs. Spores spiny, usually 28--34 µm. 2 n = 84.

Sporulating spring--summer. In soil of moist, deciduous forests; 0--1500 m; Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio., Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Va., W.Va., Wis.

The terrestrial habit and characteristic stem features (golden hairs and protruding apex) readily distinguish Cystopteris protrusa from other Cystopteris species with which it may be sympatric ( C . tenuis , C . tennesseensis , and C . bulbifera ). Cystopteris tennesseensis and C . tenuis are allotetraploids that have C . protrusa as one parent. The other progenitor for C . tennesseensis is C . bulbifera , and a presumably extinct diploid is proposed here as the progenitor for C . tenuis . When C . protrusa is sympatric with either of these derived tetraploid species, sterile triploids are often produced. In addition, there are sterile autotriploids within C . protrusa (C. H. Haufler et al. 1985).