Bryum rufescens Withering, Syst. Arr. Brit. Pl. ed. 4, 3: 801. 1801; Dicranella hutchinsonii Krajina

Plants to 23 mm, dull brown to red-brown. Leaves erect-spreading to subsecund, narrowly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, acute, ± keeled above; margins plane, sinuate-dentate distal to the shoulders, serrulate at apex; costa subpercurrent or, in perichaetial leaves, shortly excurrent; distal cells long-rectangular, 5-10:1, usually slightly inflated in a marginal row. Seta to 7 mm, red-brown. Capsule 0.3-0.8 mm, erect and symmetric or nearly so, smooth (or rarely ± furrowed when old and empty); annulus none; operculum 0.3-0.5 mm, conic, short-rostrate; peristome teeth ca. 300 µm, divided ¹/2 length distally. Spores 10-18 µm, nearly smooth.

Capsules mature spring and summer. Wet soil on banks of roads and streams; low to medium elevations; B.C., N.B., N.S., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Alaska, Calif., Conn., Del., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Iowa, Ky., Md., Mass., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va.; Europe (England, Germany, Russia, Sweden); e Asia (Japan).

The best characters for identifying Dicranella rufescens are the smooth, erect capsule and sinuate-dentate leaf margins with clear, somewhat inflated marginal cells. The distribution of the species above includes reports by H. A. Crum and L. E. Anderson (1981), R. K. Lampton (1970), B. D. Mahler and W. F. Mahler (1980), J. A. McCleary and P. L. Redfearn Jr. (1979), D. H. Norris and J. R. Shevock (unpubl.), Redfearn (2001), J. A. Snider and B. K. Andreas (1996), Snider et al. (unpubl.), J. C. Wilkes (1965), and I. A. Worley and Z. Iwatsuki (1970). Specimens under this name from Costa Rica and Honduras are misidentified.