| 1 |
Seeds tailed, 0.7--2.6 mm, including tails; seed body covered with whitish translucent veil. |
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(2) |
| + |
Seeds not tailed, 0.3--0.7 mm; seed body clear yellow-brown. |
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(7) |
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| 2 (1) |
Seeds 1.8--2.6 mm, including tails; stamens usually 6. |
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(3) |
| + |
Seeds 0.7--1.9 mm, including tails; stamens usually 3. |
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(4) |
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| 3 (2) |
Stems and leaves scabrous; auricles 1--7.5 mm |
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64 Juncus caesariensis |
| + |
Stems and leaves smooth; auricles 0.2--0.4 mm |
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65 Juncus trigonocarpus |
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| 4 (2) |
Seeds 1.1--1.9 mm; heads 5--50-flowered; inflorescence branches erect to ascending |
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66 Juncus canadensis |
| + |
Seeds 0.7--1.2 mm; heads 2--8-flowered or if to 20-flowered then proximal inflorescence branches widely spreading (J. subcaudatus). |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Outer tepals obtuse to nearly acute |
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67 Juncus brachycephalus |
| + |
Outer tepals acuminate to acute. |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Proximal inflorescence branches widely spreading |
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68 Juncus subcaudatus |
| + |
Proximal inflorescence branches erect |
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69 Juncus tweedyi |
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| 7 (1) |
Flowers 1--2(--4) at each node, not in heads; capsules fertile only below middle. |
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(8) |
| + |
Flowers in heads of 3--60; capsules fertile throughout or only below middle. |
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(9) |
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| 8 (7) |
Culms erect, 0.3--7 dm, not forming mats |
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70 Juncus pelocarpus |
| + |
Culms decumbent, 0.1--1 dm, forming mats |
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71 Juncus subtilis |
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| 9 (7) |
Heads spheric or nearly spheric, 15--60-flowered |
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(10) |
| + |
Heads obconic to hemispheric, 3--15-flowered. |
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(23) |
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| 10 (9) |
Stamens 6. |
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(18) |
| + |
Stamens 3. |
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(11) |
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| 11 (10) |
Plants cespitose; tepals lanceolate |
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85 Juncus acuminatus |
| + |
Plants rhizomatous; tepals lance-subulate. |
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(12) |
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| 12 (11) |
Capsules included |
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83 Juncus brachycarpus |
| + |
Capsule exserted to slightly included. |
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(13) |
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| 13 (12) |
Capsules remaining united at apex after dehiscence. |
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(14) |
| + |
Capsule valves separating at apex during dehiscence. |
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(16) |
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| 14 (13) |
Leaves laterally compressed, 3--5 mm diam. |
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79b var. fascinatus |
| + |
Leaves terete, 1--4 mm diam. |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Heads sometimes spheric, usually lobed; tepals green to stramineous, nearly equal; uppermost cauline leaf blade (below inflorescence bract) equaling or longer than its sheath |
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78 Juncus scirpoides |
| + |
Heads spheric; stramineous to reddish brown, inner tepals shorter than outer; uppermost cauline leaf blade much shorter than its sheath |
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77 Juncus megacephalus |
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| 16 (13) |
Tepals 4--5 mm; leaves laterally compressed |
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79a var. validus |
| + |
Tepals 2.9--4 mm; leaves terete. |
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(17) |
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| 17 (16) |
Capsules 3.5--5 mm, exserted; culms 0.4--3 dm |
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80 Juncus nodosus |
| + |
Capsules 3--3.5 mm; equaling perianth or slightly shorter; culms 2.5--8.5 dm |
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84 Juncus bolanderi |
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| 18 (10) |
Tepals lanceolate to lance-ovate, light green to light pink or white or dark purplish brown; capsule ovoid to obovoid, 1.9--3.5 mm; heads 1--2 per inflorescence (15--50 for J. pervetus). |
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(19) |
| + |
Tepals lance-subulate, green to stramineous; capsule lance-subulate, 3.2--6.5 mm; heads 1--23 per inflorescence. |
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(21) |
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| 19 (18) |
Heads 15--50 |
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74 Juncus pervetus |
| + |
Heads 1--2. |
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(20) |
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| 20 (19) |
Tepals dark purplish brown to black; anthers 1/4 to equal filament length |
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90 Juncus mertensianus |
| + |
Tepals light green, or light pink to white; anthers 2--3 times length of filaments |
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91 Juncus chlorocephalus |
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| 21 (18) |
Outer tepals 2.4--4.1 mm, equaling inner tepals; auricles 0.5--1.7 mm |
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80 Juncus nodosus |
| + |
Outer tepals 4--6 mm, outer and inner tepals unequal in length; auricles 1--4 mm. |
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(22) |
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| 22 (21) |
Outer tepals longer than inner; capsule 4.3--5.7 mm |
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81 Juncus torreyi |
| + |
Outer tepals shorter than inner; capsules 5.2--6.5 mm |
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82 Juncus texanus |
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| 23 (9) |
Stamens 3. |
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(24) |
| + |
Stamens 6. |
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(31) |
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| 24 (23) |
Stems creeping or floating, capillary; filiform, submersed leaves often formed before flowering; inflorescences with 1--9 heads. |
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(25) |
| + |
Stems erect, not floating; filiform leaves absent; inflorescences with 3--200 heads. |
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(26) |
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| 25 (24) |
Capsule rounded at apex, 2.5--4 mm; tepals 2--3.6 mm, obtuse to acute |
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76 Juncus bulbosus |
| + |
Capsule acute to acuminate at apex, 3.5--6.1 mm; tepals 2.8--5.5 mm, acute to acuminate-subulate |
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75 Juncus supiniformis |
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| 26 (24) |
Capsule much longer than perianth, 1.3--2 times perianth length. |
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(27) |
| + |
Capsule equaling or just exceeding perianth. |
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(29) |
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| 27 (26) |
Capsules beaked; plants often decumbent or matted |
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75 Juncus supiniformis |
| + |
Capsules not beaked; plants erect. |
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(28) |
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| 28 (27) |
Capsule 1/3 longer than perianth, 2.8--4.2 mm |
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86 Juncus debilis |
| + |
Capsule twice as long as perianth, 4--5.2 mm |
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87 Juncus diffusissimus |
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| 29 (26) |
Heads 5--50; tepals 2.6--3.5 mm, nearly equal; capsules 2.8--3.5 mm |
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85 Juncus acuminatus |
| + |
Heads 30--250; tepals 1.7--2.9 mm, inner tepals shorter than outer tepals; capsules 1.9--2.9 mm. |
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(30) |
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| 30 (29) |
Leaf blade with prominent and conspicuous ringlike bands at position of cross partitions; roots without terminal tubers; inner tepals 1.7--2.1 mm |
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88 Juncus nodatus |
| + |
Leaf blade with faint ringlike bands at position of septa; roots often with terminal tubers; inner tepals 2.4--2.8 mm |
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89 Juncus elliottii |
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| 31 (23) |
Stems creeping or floating, capillary; filiform, submersed leaves often formed before flowering; inflorescences with 1--9 heads. |
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(32) |
| + |
Stems erect; filiform submersed leaves not formed except in J. militaris; heads 1--66. |
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(34) |
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| 32 (31) |
Auricles 0.8--2.1 mm; capsules 3.5--6.1 mm |
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75 Juncus supiniformis |
| + |
Auricles 0.4--1 mm; capsules 2.5--4 mm. |
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(33) |
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| 33 (32) |
Capsules exserted about 1 mm beyond perianth; apex acute below beak; outer tepals acute to acuminate |
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95 Juncus articulatus |
| + |
Capsules as long as tepals or exserted to 0.5 mm beyond tepals, apex obtuse below apex; outer tepals acute to obtuse |
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76 Juncus bulbosus |
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| 34 (31) |
Proximal culm leaf overtopping inflorescences, distal culm leaf usually inflated, bladeless sheath; often developing filiform (hairlike) leaves off rhizome in running water |
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72 Juncus militaris |
| + |
Proximal culm leaf shorter than inflorescence, distal culm leaf usually with blade, sheath not inflated; not developing filiform leaves off rhizome. |
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(35) |
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| 35 (34) |
Tepals 1.6--3 mm; apex obtuse to acuminate, usually not subulate mucronate; anthers shorter than to equaling filaments. |
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(36) |
| + |
Tepals 2.3--6.2 mm; apex usually acuminate with subulate mucro (acute in J. acutiflorus; anthers equaling or longer than filaments. |
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(37) |
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| 36 (35) |
Inner tepals obtuse; inflorescence stiffly erect |
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94 Juncus alpinoarticulatus |
| + |
Inner tepals acuminate; inflorescence spreading |
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95 Juncus articulatus |
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| 37 (35) |
Capsule abruptly contracted at apex, usually not exserted |
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92 Juncus nevadensis |
| + |
Capsule narrowed to beak, exserted at least slightly. |
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(38) |
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| 38 (37) |
Heads 2--9; tepals 2.8--5.5 mm |
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75 Juncus supiniformis |
| + |
Heads 25--66; tepals 2.5--3.5 mm. |
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(39) |
| |
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| 39 (38) |
Tepals nearly equal; heads with 6--10 flowers |
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93 Juncus dubius |
| + |
Tepals unequal, outer shorter than inner; heads with 5--8 flowers |
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73 Juncus acutiflorus |
