1 |
Spikelet usually cylindric or narrowly ellipsoid, as wide as culms; culms usually stout, sometimes transversely septate with nodes evident on surface (in E. dulcis); leaf sheath mouth oblique; glumes firm, subcartilaginous, rarely subpapery or membranous, midvein obscure or indistinct but with 15 or more prominent to obscure close longitudinal veins |
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(2) |
+ |
Spikelet ovoid to narrowly ovoid, rarely cylindric, usually wider than culms; culms slender, nodes not evident on surface; leaf sheath mouth truncate or slightly oblique, rarely with a scarious appendage; glumes generally membranous, midvein distinct or rarely obscure |
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(7) |
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2 (1) |
Culms with transverse septa, nodes evident on surface when dry; spikelet with basal 2 glumes empty, rarely 1 with a flower; nutlet surface essentially smooth. |
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1 E. dulcis |
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Culms without transverse septa, nodes not evident on surface when dry; spikelet with only basalmost glume empty; nutlet surface cancellate or reticulate |
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(3) |
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3 (2) |
Culms terete. |
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6 E. ochrostachys |
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Culms 3-angled, rarely acutely 4- or 5-angled |
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(4) |
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4 (3) |
Culms firm, with pith in center; glumes broadly ovate or subquadrate, as long as wide |
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(5) |
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Culms spongy, subhollow; glumes narrowly ovate or broadly lanceolate, ca. 2 × as long as wide |
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(6) |
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5 (4) |
Leaf sheath mouth with setaceous appendage; glumes densely imbricate, subquadrate, apex truncate; nutlet apex not constricted; perianth bristles as long as or shorter than nutlet. |
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2 E. spiralis |
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Leaf sheath mouth acute but without an appendage; glumes laxly imbricate, broadly ovate, apex rounded; nutlet apex constricted; perianth bristles ca. 2 × as long as nutlet. |
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3 E. trilateralis |
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6 (4) |
Culms 3-angled, (1-)3-4 mm thick; spikelet 1.5-4 cm × 3-5 mm; glumes broadly ovate, 3-3.5 mm wide, subleathery, apex rounded; nutlet surface shallowly pitted with 13-15 longitudinal rows of transversely oriented, oblong to linear epidermal cells. |
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4 E. acutangula |
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Culms acutely 4- or 5-angled, 1.5-2.5 mm thick; spikelet 2-5 cm × 2.5-3 mm; glumes broadly lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, membranous, apex obtuse to slightly acute; nutlet surface deeply pitted with 15-20 longitudinal rows of hexagonal epidermal cells. |
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5 E. philippinensis |
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7 (1) |
Persistent style base scarcely differentiated from nutlet apex and seemingly a continuation of it |
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(8) |
+ |
Persistent style base differentiated from nutlet apex by a constriction or articulation at junction with it |
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(10) |
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8 (8) |
Annuals, neither stoloniferous or rhizomatous; culms often recurved; persistent style base pyramidal-acuminate; nutlet narrowly winged on angles, reticulate to deeply pitted-reticulate with isodiametric epidermal cells |
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9 E. retroflexa |
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Perennials, stoloniferous; culms erect to ascending; persistent style base triangular-subulate or subconic; nutlet not winged on angles, essentially smooth |
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(9) |
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9 (8) |
Culms 1-7 cm tall; spikelets 2-4 mm, 6-10-flowered; persistent style base triangular-subulate; nutlet. 9-1.5 mm, smooth. |
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7 E. parvula |
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Culms 3-30 cm tall; spikelets 4-7 mm, 2-7-flowered; persistent style base subconic to 3-angled-subulate; nutlet 1.9-2.5 mm, appearing smooth but finely cellular-reticulate. |
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8 E. quinqueflora |
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10 (7) |
Stigmas 3 |
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(11) |
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Stigmas 2 |
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(19) |
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11 (10) |
Culms short and very slender; spikelet few flowered; glumes subdistichous at base of spikelet; nutlet terete or nearly so, longitudinally ridged with ridges separated by numerous cross-walls (trabeculae). |
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10 E. yokoscensis |
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Culms elongate and ± stout; spikelet many flowered; glumes spirally imbricate; nutlet 3-sided to compressed 3-sided, essentially smooth |
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(12) |
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12 (11) |
Culms acutely (3 or)4(-6)-angled; spikelet not proliferous at base; nutlet brownish when mature |
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(13) |
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Culms terete; spikelet usually proliferous at base; nutlet olivaceous or yellowish when mature |
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(14) |
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13 (12) |
Glumes 3-4 × 1-1.5 mm, margin narrow and hyaline; nutlet 1.2-1.5 mm and as wide; perianth bristles laxly to densely retrorsely spinulose; persistent style base deltoid, 1/2-2/3 as long as nutlet. |
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11 E. tetraquetra |
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Glumes 4-6 × 2-2.5 mm, margin broad and hyaline; nutlet 1.5-2 mm and as wide; perianth bristles plumose with spreading hairs; persistent style base narrowly ovoid, as long and as wide as nutlet or nearly so. |
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12 E. wichurae |
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14 (12) |
Glumes ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm, apex acute; persistent style base narrowly 3-angled to conic, attenuate to a short caudal tip, ca. 1/2 as long as nutlet; rhizome decumbent or obliquely ascending. |
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13 E. yunnanensis |
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Glumes oblong, suboblong, ovate, or elliptic, 1.5-2.5 mm, apex obtuse or rounded; persistent style base 3-angled, pyramidal, deltoid, narrowly ovoid, or subconic, ca. 1/4 as long as nutlet; rhizome absent or present |
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(15) |
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15 (14) |
Persistent style base depressed, deltoid-pyramidal, as wide as nutlet or nearly so. |
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17 E. attenuata |
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Persistent style base not depressed, deltoid, narrowly ovoid, or subconic, often shortly attenuate to apex, ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet |
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(16) |
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16 (15) |
Perianth bristles exceeding tip of style base. |
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18 E. congesta |
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Perianth bristles shorter than tip of style base |
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(17) |
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17 (16) |
Annuals; spikelet narrowly ovoid, oblong-ovoid, cylindric, or rarely globose-ovoid, (3-)5-10 mm, several to many flowered; glumes oblong. |
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14 E. pellucida |
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Perennials; spikelet ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, 2.5-6 mm, few flowered; glumes ovate or elliptic |
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(18) |
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18 (17) |
Perianth bristles 6, slightly shorter than nutlet; nutlet obovoid, ca. 1 mm. |
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15 E. maximowiczii |
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Perianth bristles 2-5, 1/4-1/2 as long as nutlet; nutlet oblong to oblong-obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. |
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16 E. setulosa |
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19 (10) |
Annuals; persistent style base not spongy-thickened; stolons absent; spikelet ovoid, subglobose, or oblong-ovoid, (2-)3-5(-8) mm |
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(20) |
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Perennials; persistent style base spongy-thickened but rarely obscurely so; stolons often present; spikelet narrowly ovoid, narrowly oblong-ovoid, or ellipsoid-cylindric, (3-)7-25 mm |
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(22) |
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20 (19) |
Persistent style base dorsiventrally compressed, deltoid; nutlet brownish at maturity. |
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19 E. ovata |
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Persistent style base depressed conic or saucer-shaped; nutlet black at maturity and lustrous |
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(21) |
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21 (20) |
Nutlet 0.7-1.1 mm; perianth bristles 6-8, rust-colored; persistent style base depressed conic, slightly reflexed basally on both sides. |
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20 E. geniculata |
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Nutlet 0.3-0.6 mm; perianth bristles 4-6, colorless or white; persistent style base saucer-shaped, not reflexed basally. |
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21 E. atropurpurea |
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22 (19) |
Basalmost glume empty, suborbicular, spathiform, usually completely encircling base of spikelet |
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(23) |
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Basal 2 or 3 glumes empty, basalmost encircling 1/2 or less of spikelet base |
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(28) |
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23 (22) |
Persistent style base large, mitriform, cellular-spongy, ovoid, more than 2/3 to as long as nutlet. |
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30 E. kamtschatica |
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Persistent style base conic, broadly ovoid, deltoid, 3-angled, or depressed, less than 1/2 as long as nutlet |
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(24) |
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24 (23) |
Persistent style base depressed, subpatelliform (disk-shaped). |
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31 E. fennica |
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Persistent style base shallowly conic-ovoid, obtusely 3-angled, low conic, or shortly 3-angled |
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(25) |
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25 (24) |
Glumes oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate; persistent style base shallowly conic-ovoid, nearly as long as wide, nearly 1/2 as long as nutlet. |
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32 E. uniglumis |
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Glumes ovate; persistent style base obtusely 3-angled or low conic, shorter than or nearly as long as wide, 1/4-1/3 as long as nutlet |
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(26) |
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26 (25) |
Persistent style base obtusely 3-angled, nearly as long as wide, ca. 1/3 as wide as nutlet; perianth bristles 4, slightly longer than nutlet. |
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33 E. penchaoi |
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Persistent style base low conic or shortly 3-angled, shorter than wide, ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet; perianth bristles 4-6, slightly shorter to slightly longer than nutlet |
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(27) |
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27 (26) |
Culms 8-25 cm tall; spikelet 3-4 mm wide; glumes ovate to broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm, apex acute; perianth bristles as long as or slightly longer than nutlet. |
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34 E. erhaiensis |
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Culms 25-30 cm tall; spikelet 2-3 mm wide; glumes ovate to oblong-ovate, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse; perianth bristles slightly shorter than nutlet. |
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35 E. qinghaiensis |
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28 (22) |
Persistent style base oblong-ovoid to oblong-conic, much longer than wide. |
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29 E. palustris |
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Persistent style base shortly conic, globose-ovoid, broadly ovoid, subquadrate, or globose, as wide as or wider than long |
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(29) |
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29 (28) |
Leaf sheaths scarious (at least apical ones), mouth with a deep sinus ventrally. |
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26 E. argyrolepis |
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Leaf sheaths herbaceous, mouth truncate to obliquely truncate |
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(30) |
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30 (29) |
Spikelet broadly ovoid to oblong, 3-8 mm, few flowered. |
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27 E. abnorma |
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Spikelet oblong to oblong-lanceolate, (7-)10-30 mm, many flowered |
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(31) |
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31 (30) |
Glume apices obtuse to subrounded; persistent style base broadly ovoid, rounded-ovoid, subquadrate, or globose |
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(32) |
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Glume apices acute to subacute; persistent style base shortly conic, conic, or globose |
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(33) |
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32 (31) |
Glumes ovate to oblong-ovate; nutlet globose-obovoid; persistent style base broadly ovoid. |
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28 E. valleculosa |
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Glumes oblong to linear-oblong; nutlet usually ellipsoid; persistent style base globose-ovoid to subquadrate. |
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22 E. liouana |
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33 (31) |
Persistent style base globose or wider than long, mammiform or mitriform (cap-shaped). |
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25 E. mitracarpa |
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Persistent style base shortly conic to conic |
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(34) |
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34 (33) |
Glumes oblong-lanceolate; nutlet obovoid,. 7-0.8 mm wide; persistent style base narrowly conic. |
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23 E. migoana |
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Glumes ovate to oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; nutlet broadly obovoid to orbicular-obovoid, 1-1.3 mm wide; persistent style base depressed conic or shortly conic. |
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24 E. ussuriensis |
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