1	Panicles from lateral leafless buds of previous year; flowers appear before leaves.		(2)
+	Panicles terminal or from lateral buds of this year; flowers appearing with or after leaves.		(6)
2 (1)	Leaflet blade 1.7-5(-5.5) × 0.5-1.5 cm; panicles congested, 0.5-1.5 cm.		(3)
+	Leaflet blade (2.5-)5-14(-20) × (1-)2-5 cm; panicles lax, 5-20 cm.		(4)
3 (2)	Leaflets crenate distally, entire proximally; 4 primary veins on each side of midrib		18 Fraxinus xanthoxyloides
+	Leaflets sharply serrate; 6 or 7 primary veins on each side of midrib		19 Fraxinus hupehensis
4 (2)	Flowers with calyx; samara not twisted		20 Fraxinus platypoda
+	Flowers without calyx; samara conspicuously twisted.		(5)
5 (4)	Branchlets nearly 4-angled; leaves opposite; leaflets subsessile; inflorescences 15-20 cm, spreading		21 Fraxinus mandschurica
+	Branchlets terete; leaves in whorls of 3 at top of branches; leaflets petiolulate; inflorescences ca. 5 cm		22 Fraxinus sogdiana
6 (1)	Flowers without corolla.		(7)
+	Flowers with corolla.		(8)
7 (6)	Leaflets broadly ovate, ovate, to lanceolate, 2-7 cm wide		16 Fraxinus chinensis
+	Leaflets narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.8(-2.2) cm wide		17 Fraxinus baroniana
8 (6)	Bracts persistent; winter buds naked.		(9)
+	Bracts caducous or absent; winter buds scaly or tomentose.		(14)
9 (8)	Leaflets 3(-5), serrate to crenate; calyx teeth deltate.		(10)
+	Leaflets 5 or more, entire; calyx lobes truncate or broadly deltate.		(11)
10 (9)	Leaflets regularly serrate, abaxially tomentose		5 Fraxinus trifoliolata
+	Leaflets remotely crenate, abaxially glabrous		6 Fraxinus punctata
11 (9)	Leaflets 5-7(-11), petioule 5-10 mm, usually glabrous on both surfaces		2 Fraxinus griffithii
+	Leaflets 9-25, petioule 0-5 mm, midrib at least abaxially hairy.		(12)
12 (11)	Leaf rachis rusty tomentose; leaflets scurfy hairy or glabrescent		1 Fraxinus ferruginea
+	Leaf rachis and adaxial surface of leaflets densely brown tomentose, leaflets sometimes glabrescent.		(13)
13 (12)	Leaflets 9-15, densely tomentose adaxially		3 Fraxinus malacophylla
+	Leaflets (11-)15-25, tomentose or glabrescent		4 Fraxinus retusifoliolata
14 (8)	Petiolules 5-15 mm.		(15)
+	Petiolules 0-5 mm.		(17)
15 (14)	Leaflets 2-5 cm, margin deeply serrate to incised		15 Fraxinus bungeana
+	Leaflets 8-15 cm, margin serrate or serrulate.		(16)
16 (15)	Leaflets 7 or 9, abaxially hairy; samara densely red scurfy hairy		10 Fraxinus floribunda
+	Leaflets 3-5(-7), glabrous; samara not as above		11 Fraxinus insularis
17 (14)	Leaflets 7 or 9.		(18)
+	Leaflets 3-5(-7).		(19)
18 (17)	Leaflets lanceolate, abaxially densely felty; leaf axis subterete		7 Fraxinus sikkimensis
+	Leaflets ovate-oblong, glabrous or villous on veins abaxially; leaf axis grooved		9 Fraxinus paxiana
19 (17)	Leaflets 2-5 cm, broadly ovate, rhomboid to ovate or broadly lanceolate to broadly elliptic, with 4-6 primary veins on each side of midrib, margin deeply serrate to incised		15 Fraxinus bungeana
+	Leaflets 3-12 cm, elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, with 6-12 veins on each side of midrib, margin coarsely serrate, serrate, or entire.		(20)
20 (19)	Young shoots puberulent; petiolules pubescent or sparsely crisped hairy.		(21)
+	Young shoots glabrous; petiolules glabrous.		(22)
21 (20)	Petiolules 8-15 mm, sparsely crisped hairy; leaflets with 10-12 primary veins on each side of midrib, margin irregularly and coarsely serrate		8 Fraxinus depauperata
+	Petiolules 0-5 mm, pubescent; leaflets with 7-10 primary veins on each side of midrib, margin entire or serrulate in upper part		14 Fraxinus sieboldiana
22 (20)	Leaflet margin serrate, blade sparsely dotted abaxially		12 Fraxinus odontocalyx
+	Leaflet margin serrulate, blade not dotted abaxially		13 Fraxinus stylosa