1	Leaf veins not reticulate; stems woody, much branched at base as if tufted.		(2)
+	Leaf veins reticulate; stems herbaceous, sometimes basally woody in S. nankinensis and S. alaschanica, solitary or few tufted.		(4)
2 (1)	Calyx lobes at anthesis without conspicuous membranous margin; capsule narrowly ovoid		1 Scrophularia dentata
+	Calyx lobes at anthesis with conspicuous membranous margin; capsule subglobose.		(3)
3 (2)	Calyx lobe margin broadly membranous; leaf blade often apically toothed or coarsely serrate to pinnately parted, basally pinnately parted to pinnatisect		2 Scrophularia kiriloviana
+	Calyx lobe margin narrowly membranous; leaf blade toothed to lobed, rarely basally 1- or 2-segmented		3 Scrophularia incisa
4 (1)	Cymes subcapitate or inflorescences in a terminal raceme or spike.		(5)
+	Cymes solitary from upper leaf axils (sometimes 1-flowered) or in a terminal panicle.		(16)
5 (4)	Calyx lobes acute to short acuminate at apex.		(6)
+	Calyx lobes obtuse to truncate or toothed at apex.		(10)
6 (5)	Corolla campanulate, hairy inside		32 Scrophularia delavayi
+	Corolla not campanulate, glabrous inside.		(7)
7 (6)	Inflorescences very short, with 1 to few cymes; plants usually less than 15 cm		33 Scrophularia chasmophila
+	Inflorescences long, with many cymes; plants usually more than 15 cm.		(8)
8 (7)	Corolla 5-6 mm; leaf base cordate; calyx 3-4 mm		34 Scrophularia pauciflora
+	Corolla 8-10 mm; leaf base broadly cuneate, obtuse, or subcordate; calyx 4-5 mm.		(9)
9 (8)	Lower stem nodes without scalelike leaves; lower part of stem at anthesis becoming hard and not easily compressed; style ca. 3.5 mm		35 Scrophularia spicata
+	Lower stem nodes with scalelike leaves; lower part of stem at anthesis soft and easily compressed; style less than 3 mm		36 Scrophularia mapienensis
10 (5)	Lateral roots fusiform or clavate enlarged		25 Scrophularia buergeriana
+	Lateral roots neither fusiform nor enlarged.		(11)
11 (10)	Upper corolla lip entire or retuse		26 Scrophularia moellendorffii
+	Upper corolla lip deeply 2-lobed.		(12)
12 (11)	Inflorescences more than 2 cm; plants usually more than 20 cm tall.		(13)
+	Inflorescences to 2 cm; plants usually less than 20 cm tall.		(14)
13 (12)	Corolla ca. 8 mm, tube enlarged, subglobose		30 Scrophularia henryi
+	Corolla 10-15 mm, tube hardly enlarged, not subglobose and bent forward		31 Scrophularia alaschanica
14 (12)	Corolla 7-9 mm; style 4-5 mm; inflorescences surpassing upper leaves; calyx ca. 3 mm		27 Scrophularia hypsophila
+	Corolla ca. 15 mm; style 8.5-11 mm; inflorescences not surpassing upper leaves; calyx 4-6 mm.		(15)
15 (14)	Stems sparsely pilose apically		28 Scrophularia przewalskii
+	Stems glandular hairy throughout		29 Scrophularia lhasaensis
16 (4)	Lateral roots fusiform.		(17)
+	Lateral roots not fusiform.		(20)
17 (16)	Calyx lobe apex acute to acuminate.		(18)
+	Calyx lobe apex obtuse to rounded.		(19)
18 (17)	Leaf margin regularly serrate		6 Scrophularia kakudensis
+	Leaf margin double serrate		7 Scrophularia yoshimurae
19 (17)	Corolla brown-purple; calyx lobes suborbicular; leaves to 30 cm		4 Scrophularia ningpoensis
+	Corolla yellow-green; calyx lobes oblong to ovate; leaves 5-11 cm		5 Scrophularia lijiangensis
20 (16)	Annual, mostly with fibrous roots or primary root poorly developed		9 Scrophularia nankinensis
+	Perennial, often rhizomatous.		(21)
21 (20)	Rhizomes often with small globose nodules.		(22)
+	Rhizomes without small globose nodules.		(24)
22 (21)	Corolla ca. 2 mm		10 Scrophularia souliei
+	Corolla 8-10 mm.		(23)
23 (22)	Corolla subcampanulate, upper lip almost as long as lower lip; calyx ca. 3 mm		11 Scrophularia aequilabris
+	Corolla conspicuously labiate, upper lip much longer than lower lip; calyx 4-5 mm		12 Scrophularia kansuensis
24 (21)	Stems conspicuously winged.		(25)
+	Stems wingless or slightly ribbed.		(26)
25 (24)	Calyx lobes ovate, apex acute to subacute, margin not membranous; stamens much exserted; capsule 7-8 mm		13 Scrophularia elatior
+	Calyx lobes broadly ovate, apex nearly rounded, margin broadly membranous; stamens shorter than corolla; capsule 5-6 mm		14 Scrophularia umbrosa
26 (24)	Flowers ca. 3 mm; filaments exserted from corolla		15 Scrophularia heucheriiflora
+	Flowers more than 5 mm; filaments shorter than corolla.		(27)
27 (26)	Cymes with large and foliaceous bracts.		(28)
+	Cymes with small bracts.		(32)
28 (27)	Corolla 1.5-1.8 cm; style ca. 8 mm, ca. 2 X as long as ovary		16 Scrophularia stylosa
+	Corolla 0.6-1.2 cm; style 2-6 mm, slightly longer or shorter than ovary.		(29)
29 (28)	Leaves coarsely serrate, base cuneate to narrowly attenuate; plants less than 30 cm tall		8 Scrophularia formosana
+	Leaves usually double serrate, base broadly cuneate to cordate; plants more than 30 cm tall.		(30)
30 (29)	Peduncles and pedicels glabrous; corolla 6-7 mm, green		17 Scrophularia urticifolia
+	Peduncles and pedicels glandular pilose; corolla 7-12 mm, purple or purple-red.		(31)
31 (30)	Leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular, base cordate to rounded; stems and leaves often hairy		18 Scrophularia fargesii
+	Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, base truncate to rounded; stems and leaves glabrous, rarely lower stem pubescent		7 Scrophularia yoshimurae
32 (27)	Calyx lobes acute.		(33)
+	Calyx lobe apex obtuse (sometimes acute in S. mandarinorum).		(35)
33 (32)	Racemes 8-15 cm, 8-25-flowered, in 1-flowered cymes		22 Scrophularia taihangshanensis
+	Racemes mostly short in cymes of 3 to many flowers (S. macrocarpa often with cymes reduced to a single flower).		(34)
34 (33)	Inflorescences racemose or narrowly paniculate, ca. 5 cm; cymes often 1-flowered, rarely 3-flowered; capsule 1.1-1.4 cm		23 Scrophularia macrocarpa
+	Inflorescences paniculate (corymbose before spreading), to 15 cm; lower cymes 3-5-flowered; capsule ca. 1 cm		24 Scrophularia diplodonta
35 (32)	Staminode fanlike to transversely oblong, width greater than length		19 Scrophularia modesta
+	Staminode subrotund to obcordate, width equal or subequal to length.		(36)
36 (35)	Plants usually 1 m; leaves 8-10 pairs; calyx 2-3 mm		20 Scrophularia mandarinorum
+	Plants 0.3-0.4 m, rarely to 0.8 m; leaves 4 or 5 pairs; calyx ca. 4.5 mm		21 Scrophularia yunnanensis