1 |
Plants only with long shoots, without short shoots, unarmed; leaves alternate; flowers 4- or 5-merous; petals present or absent |
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(2) |
+ |
Plants with both long and short shoots, apices of short shoots often terminating in a woody spine; leaves opposite or alternate on long shoots, clustered or fascicled on short shoots; flowers unisexual and plants dioecious, 4-merous; petals present (R. sect. Rhamnus) |
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(16) |
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2 (1) |
Flowers polygamous, 4-merous; petals absent; ovary 4-loculed, rarely 3-loculed; flowers usually fascicled in axils of leaves; inflorescences never with leaflike bracts (R. sect. Tetrarhamnus) |
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(3) |
+ |
Flowers unisexual and plants dioecious, rarely polygamous, 5-merous; petals usually present; ovary 3-loculed; flowers solitary or few fascicled in axillary cymose racemes or cymose panicles; inflorescences with small, leaflike bracts (R. sect. Pseudoceanothus) |
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(5) |
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3 (2) |
Leaf blade 2-4.5 cm, apex obtuse or rounded, margin entire, both surfaces yellow tomentulose, velutinous, lateral veins 5 or 6(-8) pairs. |
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8 R. ninglangensis |
+ |
Leaf blade 5-20 cm, apex acuminate or long acuminate, margin serrate, abaxially puberulent on veins or barbate in axils of veins, lateral veins 9-17 pairs |
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(4) |
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4 (3) |
Deciduous trees or shrubs; young branches puberulent; leaves papery, abaxially sparsely pubescent on veins. |
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7 R. sargentiana |
+ |
Evergreen trees or shrubs; young branches glabrous; leaves leathery, abaxially glabrous or barbellate in axils of leaves. |
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6 R. hemsleyana |
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5 (2) |
Flowers few, solitary or 2-6-fascicled in axils of leaves |
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(6) |
+ |
Flowers numerous, in cymose racemes or cymose panicles |
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(9) |
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6 (5) |
Leaf blade to 4 cm, lateral veins 2-4 pairs |
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(7) |
+ |
Leaf blade usually longer than 4 cm, lateral veins 4-6 pairs |
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(8) |
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7 (6) |
Leaves papery, petioles 2-7 mm; flowers solitary, unisexual and plants dioecious; petals present; pedicels 1-2 mm. |
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9 R. heterophylla |
+ |
Leaves thinly leathery, petioles shorter than 2 mm; flowers polygamous; petals absent; pedicels 5-6(-10) mm. |
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10 R. procumbens |
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8 (6) |
Leaves leathery, lateral and reticulate veins adaxially conspicuously impressed; seeds broad at both ends, abaxially narrowly furrowed at middle part. |
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11 R. bodinieri |
+ |
Leaves papery to thickly papery, lateral veins prominent on both surfaces; seeds with base broader than middle, abaxially longitudinally furrowed in upper part. |
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12 R. xizangensis |
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9 (5) |
Flowers polygamous or unisexual; inflorescences often with many persistent leaflike bracts; seeds shortly furrowed for 1/2 length |
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(10) |
+ |
Flowers unisexual and plants dioecious; inflorescences without leaflike bracts or with few caducous leaflike bractlets; seeds abaxially longitudinally furrowed for 3/5 length |
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(11) |
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10 (9) |
Drupe 3-4 mm in diam., base with persistent sepals and calyx tube. |
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13 R. formosana |
+ |
Drupe 5-6 mm in diam., sepals caducous, base with persistent calyx tube only. |
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14 R. hainanensis |
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11 (9) |
Leaves abaxially hairy or only hairy on veins and petioles; petals present |
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(12) |
+ |
Leaves and petioles glabrous or leaves abaxially clustered hairy in vein axils; petals present or absent |
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(14) |
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12 (11) |
Leaves thickly leathery, abaxially densely tomentulose; seeds with equally broad, longitudinal furrow for 4/5 length. |
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15 R. kwangsiensis |
+ |
Leaves papery or thickly papery, abaxially puberulent or only on veins; seeds abaxially furrowed for 3/4 length or for nearly entire length |
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(13) |
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13 (12) |
Leaf blade narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic; petiole shorter than 1 cm; flowers often in short cymose racemes; pedicel and calyx puberulent; seeds abaxially with furrow extending over nearly entire length. |
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16 R. esquirolii |
+ |
Leaf blade elliptic to broadly elliptic; petiole 1.2-2 cm; flowers usually in large panicles; pedicel and calyx glabrous; seeds abaxially furrowed for 3/4 length. |
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17 R. nigricans |
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14 (11) |
Leaf blade usually broadly elliptic or broadly oblong; young branches and inflorescence rachises puberulent; inflorescences to 12 cm; petals present. |
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18 R. napalensis |
+ |
Leaf blade elliptic or oblong-elliptic; young branches and inflorescence rachises glabrous; inflorescences shorter than 5 cm; petals absent |
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(15) |
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15 (14) |
Leaf blade papery or thinly leathery, apex caudate-acuminate, abaxially pale purple when dry, petiole to 18 mm. |
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19 R. subapetala |
+ |
Leaf blade leathery, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, abaxially not drying purple, petiole to 7 mm. |
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20 R. coriophylla |
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16 (1) |
Leaves opposite or subopposite, rarely alternate |
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(17) |
+ |
Leaves and branches alternate, rarely subopposite |
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(34) |
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17 (16) |
Leaves not longer than 3 cm, narrow, usually less than 1 cm wide, lateral veins in 2 or 3, rarely 4, pairs |
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(18) |
+ |
Leaves longer than 3 cm, ca. 1.5 cm wide, lateral veins (3 or)4-7 pairs |
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(22) |
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18 (17) |
Leaves subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, petioles 5-20 mm, glabrous; seeds abaxially shortly furrowed for 1/2 length, obcordate. |
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21 R. maximovicziana |
+ |
Leaves papery or thickly papery, both surfaces and petioles sparsely puberulent; seeds abaxially or laterally furrowed for ca. 4/5 of length |
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(19) |
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19 (18) |
Leaf blade oblong or elliptic, petiole 1-3 mm |
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(20) |
+ |
Leaf blade ovate, rhombic-obovate, or rhombic-elliptic, petiole 4-15 mm |
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(21) |
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20 (19) |
Branchlets dark brown; bark scabrous, longitudinally fissured; leaf blade usually elliptic, abaxially black when dry, clustered hairy at vein axils or glabrous, reticulate veins inconspicuous; seeds abaxially deeply furrowed for 4/5 length. |
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22 R. gilgiana |
+ |
Branchlets silvery-gray or gray-brown, slightly glabrous; leaf blade usually oblong or ovate-elliptic, abaxially golden-yellow or yellowish when dry, reticulate veins conspicuous, both surfaces puberulent, rarely subglabrous; seeds abaxially shallowly furrowed for nearly entire length. |
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23 R. flavescens |
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21 (19) |
Leaf blade papery, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abaxially yellow when dry, veins or vein axils white puberulent; seeds abaxially with broad furrow. |
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24 R. bungeana |
+ |
Leaf blade thickly papery, rhombic-obovate or rhombic-elliptic, abaxially gray-white when dry, areole of vein axils puberulent; seeds abaxially with narrow furrow. |
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25 R. parvifolia |
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22 (17) |
Leaf blade ovate-cordate or ovate-orbicular, base cordate or rounded, margin densely sharply serrate; fruiting pedicel 1.3-2.3 cm; seeds abaxially furrowed for 4/5 length. |
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26 R. arguta |
+ |
Leaf blade not ovate-cordate, base cuneate or subrounded, margin obtusely serrate or crenate-serrate; fruiting pedicel not longer than 1.2 cm |
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(23) |
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23 (22) |
Petioles usually longer than 1-1.5 cm; seeds with short abaxial furrow restricted to 1/3 of length |
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(24) |
+ |
Petioles shorter than 1 cm; seeds abaxially or laterally longitudinally furrowed for more than 1/2 length (except in R. dumetorum) |
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(28) |
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24 (23) |
Branchlets hairy or glabrous; leaves abaxially often turning yellow or golden-yellow when dry, veins and vein axils golden-yellow pubescent, petioles 5-15 mm. |
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37 R. utilis |
+ |
Branchlets glabrous; leaves abaxially greenish when dry, glabrous, or abaxially midvein sparsely white hairy, petioles 1.5-3 cm |
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(25) |
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25 (24) |
Leaf blade glabrous, margin densely crenate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs. |
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33 R. cathartica |
+ |
Leaf blade and petiole subglabrous, margin sparsely obtusely serrate, or crenate, orbicular, narrowly to broadly elliptic, or oblong, lateral veins 4-6 pairs |
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(26) |
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26 (25) |
Leaf blade suborbicular, ovate-rhombic, or elliptic; axillary buds small; seeds easily separated from endocarp, exposing a nearly circular, distinctly margined furrow. |
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34 R. diamantiaca |
+ |
Leaf blade narrowly to broadly elliptic or oblong; axillary buds 4-8 mm; seeds exposing a short, never circular furrow |
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(27) |
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27 (26) |
Branches terminating in a spine or large bud; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong. |
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35 R. ussuriensis |
+ |
Branches terminating in a large bud, rarely spinescent; leaf blade broadly elliptic or ovate-oblong. |
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36 R. davurica |
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28 (23) |
Young branches, annual branches, both surfaces of leaves, or veins and petioles puberulent; flowers and pedicels sparsely puberulent; leaf blade obovate-orbicular, ovate-orbicular, or suborbicular. |
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27 R. globosa |
+ |
Young branches, annual branches, and petioles glabrous or nearly so; flowers and pedicels glabrous; leaf blade not obovate-orbicular or suborbicular |
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(29) |
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29 (28) |
Leaves adaxially glabrous, abaxially vein axils clustered hairy |
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(30) |
+ |
Leaves adaxially sparsely pubescent at least on veins, abaxially areoles of veins clustered hairy or rarely glabrous |
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(31) |
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30 (29) |
Leaf blade narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic, 1-2.2 cm wide, apex caudate-acuminate or long acuminate, lateral veins (4 or)5 or 6(or 7) pairs, petiole 2-6 mm. |
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28 R. iteinophylla |
+ |
Leaf blade obovate or obovate-elliptic, 2-5 cm wide, apex shortly acuminate or acute, lateral veins 3-5 pairs, petiole 7-20 mm. |
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29 R. leptophylla |
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31 (29) |
Branchlets pale gray or gray-brown; bark scabrous, not nitid; seeds black, abaxially at base with short furrow. |
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30 R. dumetorum |
+ |
Branchlets red-brown, purple-red, or dark brown; bark laevigate, shiny; seeds red-brown or brown, abaxially with longitudinal furrow extending over 2/3 of length |
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(32) |
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32 (31) |
Leaf blade rhombic-obovate or rhombic-elliptic, both surfaces glabrous or abaxially areoles of vein axils sparsely puberulent, lateral veins 2-4 pairs. |
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25 R. parvifolia |
+ |
Leaf blade elliptic, obovate-elliptic, or obovate-lanceolate, adaxially sparsely hirsutulous, abaxially glabrous or areoles of vein axils sparsely pilose, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs |
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(33) |
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33 (32) |
Leaf blade usually elliptic or obovate-elliptic, abaxially yellowish or gray when dry, reticulate veins inconspicuous, vein axils often with areole, papery to thickly papery; young branches glabrous. |
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31 R. tangutica |
+ |
Leaf blade usually obovate-lanceolate, abaxially often reddish when dry, reticulate veins conspicuous, vein axils without areoles, rarely with areoles, thinly papery or papery; young branches slightly pubescent or glabrous. |
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32 R. virgata |
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34 (16) |
Leaves usually shorter than 1.2 cm, narrow; seeds abaxially or laterally with over 2/3 entire length longitudinal furrow |
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(35) |
+ |
Leaves usually more than 3 × 2 cm; seeds abaxially or laterally with long or short furrow |
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(42) |
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35 (34) |
Leaf blade linear, oblanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate, both surfaces glabrous; seeds abaxially with narrow furrow for 4/5 entire length |
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(36) |
+ |
Leaf blade elliptic, obovate-elliptic, or spatulate, both surfaces puberulent, or abaxially puberulent on veins, rarely glabrous; seeds with broad or narrow furrow |
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(37) |
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36 (35) |
Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly obovate, 3-5 cm, apex acute or obtuse, petiole 3-15 mm; branches terminating in a spine; erect shrubs or small trees. |
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38 R. erythroxylum |
+ |
Leaf blade oblanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm, apex obtuse or emarginate, petiole 2-3 mm; branches terminating in a small bud, not spinescent; procumbent small shrubs. |
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39 R. tzekweiensis |
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37 (35) |
Leaves at both surfaces, or at least major veins, yellowish verrucose-pilosulose; flowers and pedicels sparsely pilose. |
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40 R. aurea |
+ |
Leaves glabrous or puberulent or abaxially vein axils clustered hairy; flowers and pedicels glabrous |
|
(38) |
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38 (37) |
Leaves leathery or nearly so; seeds abaxially or laterally with deep furrow |
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(39) |
+ |
Leaves papery; seeds abaxially with broad, shallow furrow |
|
(40) |
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39 (38) |
Branchlets spreading, often virgate, purple-red or dark purple, smooth, shiny; leaf blade subleathery, oblanceolate or obovate-elliptic, apex obtuse or emarginate, glabrous or subglabrous; seeds abaxially with broad furrow. |
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41 R. leptacantha |
+ |
Branchlets not virgate, gray-brown or dark brown, scabrous, with longitudinally arranged slits, not shiny; leaf blade leathery, spatulate or rhombic-elliptic, apex truncate or acute, adaxially glabrous or midvein sparsely puberulent, abaxially with ± distinct bearded domatia in axils of primary and lateral veins; seeds abaxially with narrower furrow. |
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42 R. rosthornii |
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40 (38) |
Leaf blade elliptic or oblong, margin entire or abaxially inconspicuously serrulate above middle, glabrous, lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs; flowers 10-20-clustered at leaf axils. |
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43 R. songorica |
+ |
Leaf blade obovate or obovate-elliptic, rarely elliptic, both surfaces sparsely puberulent, margin sparsely serrulate, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs; flowers 2-5-clustered at leaf axils or terminal on short shoots |
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(41) |
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41 (40) |
Leaves 5-10 mm, obovate; profusely shortly branched, pulvinate compact shrubs, 10-25 cm tall. |
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44 R. minuta |
+ |
Leaves ca. 2.2 mm, elliptic or ovate-elliptic; prostrate, small shrubs, to 200 cm tall. |
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45 R. prostrata |
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42 (34) |
Young branches, leaves, petioles, flowers, and pedicels glabrous |
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(43) |
+ |
Young branches, both surfaces of leaves, leaf veins, or vein axils hairy; flowers and pedicels puberulent or glabrous |
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(46) |
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43 (42) |
Leaf blade membranous, oblong-ovate or ovate-orbicular, margin crenate to serrate; terminal bud not spinescent. |
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46 R. nakaharae |
+ |
Leaf blade papery, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or broadly elliptic, margin hooklike crenate; terminal bud spinescent |
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(44) |
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44 (43) |
Leaf blade apically shortly acuminate, petiole 1-1.5 cm; seeds abaxially with margined furrow for 5/7 of length. |
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49 R. hupehensis |
+ |
Leaf blade apically caudate-acuminate or long acuminate, petiole not longer than 1 cm; seeds with margined furrow for 1/2 of length |
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(45) |
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45 (44) |
Petioles 2-4 mm; seeds abaxially with margined furrow for 2/5-1/2 of length, apex without fissured line. |
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47 R. wilsonii |
+ |
Petioles 5-10 mm; seeds abaxially with margined furrow for 1/4-1/3 of length, apex with fissured line. |
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48 R. lamprophylla |
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46 (42) |
Calyx and pedicel sparsely puberulent; annual branches, both leaf surfaces, or at least leaf veins pubescent |
|
(47) |
+ |
Calyx and pedicel glabrous; leaves subglabrous or ± hairy |
|
(49) |
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47 (46) |
Leaf blade thickly papery, obovate-elliptic or obovate-orbicular, adaxially veins conspicuously impressed, distinctly rugose when dry; seeds abaxially with margined furrow nearly as long as entire length, above furrow without fissured line. |
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50 R. rugulosa |
+ |
Leaf blade papery or thinly papery, veins adaxially not rugose when dry; seeds abaxially with fissured furrow for 1/4-2/5 of length, above furrow with fissured line |
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(48) |
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48 (47) |
Leaf blade broadly elliptic, obovate-elliptic, or ovate-orbicular, apex shortly acuminate or acuminate, petiole 7-25 mm; fruiting pedicel 7-14 mm. |
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51 R. koraiensis |
+ |
Leaf blade oblanceolate-oblong or elliptic, apex long acuminate or caudate-acuminate, petiole 3-8 mm; fruiting pedicel 4-7 mm. |
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52 R. grandiflora |
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49 (46) |
Leaf blade membranous, ovate or elliptic-ovate, glabrous, or midvein adaxially and veins abaxially sparsely pilose. |
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53 R. liukiuensis |
+ |
Leaf blade papery; seeds abaxially with, long or short furrow |
|
(50) |
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50 (49) |
Seeds abaxially with margined furrow for nearly entire length; leaves abaxially sparsely clustered hairy in vein axils |
|
(51) |
+ |
Seeds abaxially with margined furrow for 1/3-1/2 of length; leaves adaxially glabrous, or pubescent on veins |
|
(52) |
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51 (50) |
Leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong. |
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54 R. wumingensis |
+ |
Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, obovate-elliptic, or obovate. |
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50 R. rugulosa |
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52 (50) |
Seeds abaxially with margined furrow for nearly 1/2 of length, above furrow without fissured line |
|
(53) |
+ |
Seeds abaxially with basal rim shortly furrowed for less than 1/3 of length, above furrow with fissured line |
|
(54) |
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53 (52) |
Leaf blade usually broadly elliptic, abaxially pubescent especially on veins, petiole 2-4 mm. |
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47 R. wilsonii |
+ |
Leaf blade oblong or ovate-oblong, abaxially often turning reddish when dry, glabrous, petiole 4-9 mm. |
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55 R. brachypoda |
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54 (52) |
Branchlets gray-brown, not shiny, terminating in an obtuse spine; leaves often reflexed when dry, adaxially glabrous, abaxially veins or veins axils pilose, petioles 3-6 mm, glabrous or puberulent. |
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56 R. fulvotincta |
+ |
Branchlets yellow-brown, shiny, terminating in a sharp spine; leaves not reflexed when dry, adaxially white adpressed hairy or pilose, abaxially veins or vein axils pilose or glabrous, petioles 6-25 mm, sparsely or densely pubescent. |
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57 R. schneideri |
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