Barbula falcifolia C. Müll., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. ser. 4: 257. 1897. Type. China: Shaanxi (Schen-si), Sche-kin-tsuen, Hu Co. (Hu schien), Dec. 1895, P. J. Giraldi s.n. Barbula serpenticaulis C. Müll., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. ser. 5: 183. 1898. Type. China: Shaanxi (Schen-si), Tui-kio-san, Oct. 1896, P. J. Giraldi s.n. Barbula reflexa (Brid.) Brid., Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 4: 93. 1819 [1818]. Tortula reflexa Brid., Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 1: 255. 1806. Didymodon rigidicaulis (C. Müll.) Saito, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 39: 502. 1975. Barbula rigidicaulis C. Müll., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. ser. 4: 255. 1897. Type. China: Shaanxi (Schen-si), Pouo-li, Mar. 1895, P. J. Giraldi s.n.

Plants medium-sized to rather large, 30–50 mm high, dark green to reddish brown, in loose tufts. Stems erect, simple, rarely branched. Leaves loose appressed when dry, strongly squarrose-recurved when moist, ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate; margins entire, revolute; costa stout, subpercurrent to percurrent, reddish brown, rough or papillose at dorsal surface; upper leaf cells rounded hexagonal to elliptic or triangular, strongly thick-walled, densely papillose; basal cells short-rectangular to oblong-hexagonal. Setae slender, reddish; capsules cylindrical; peristome teeth linear-lanceolate, twisted counterclockwise.

Type. Europe.

Chinese specimens examined: ANHUI: Qing-yang Co., Z.-L. Liu 30086 (HKAS, SHM). GANSU: Tian-zhu Co., Wu-shao-ling (Mt.), Q.-G. Chen 23 (PE). HENAN: Lan-chuan Co., Zhu-yang, H.-J. Yu 5857 (PE); Song Co., J.-X. Luo 392 (PE). HUBEI: Sheng-nong-jia (Mt), K.-Y. Guan 80–2761 (HKAS). HUNAN: Sang-zhi Co., D.-K. Li 18431, 18574 (HKAS, SHM). JIANGXI: Lu Shan (Mt.), P.-C. Chen et al. 45 (PE). LIAONING: Feng-cheng Co., C. Gao 8466 (HKAS, IFSBH). NEI MONGOL: He-lan Shan (Mt.), Z.-G. Tong 1248 (PE). Qinghai: Nang-qin Co., B.-C. Tan 95-166 (FH, MO). SHAANXI: Hu Co., Z.-P. Wei 4468 (HKAS, WUG), M. Wang 459 (HKAS), P. J. Giraldi 964, 1304 (H). SHANDONG: Tai Shan (Mt.), C. Gao 33970 (IFSBH). SICHUAN: De-rong Co., X.-J. Li 81–2834 (HKAS); Lu-ding Co., Y. Xuan 821 (HKAS); Ma-er-kang Co., S. He 31227 (MO); Nan-ping Co., Allen 7239 (MO); Song-pan Co., Allen 7141 (MO); Wen-chuan Co., J.-X. Luo 3211 (PE); Xiang-cheng Co., X.-J. Li 3100 (HKAS). TAIWAN: Hua-lien Co., Koponen 18042 (H, HKAS). XINJIANG: Begeda Shan (Mt.), J.-C. Zhao 2257 (HKAS); Ta-shi-ku (Taxkorgan Tajik) Co., Y. Xia 32 (PE). XIZANG: Ding-jie Co., K.-Y. Lang 1153 (HKAS); Mo-tuo Co., Y.-G. Su 2399 (HKAS); Ya-dong Co., M. Zang 786, 5243 (HKAS). YUNNAN: Gong-shan Co., Du-long-jiang, M. Zang 3763 (HKAS); Li-jiang Co., X.-J. Li 81–723 (HKAS). ZHEJIANG: western Tian-mu Shan (Mt.), R.-L. Hu 160 (HSNU).

Habitat: on rocks or soil over rocks in mountains; Distribution: China, India, Russia (Siberia and Caucasus), Europe, North America, and Cuba.

Illustrations: C. Gao (ed.) 1996 (Pl. 63, figs. 13–16, as Barbula reflexa).