1	Cupules each with 2 or 3(-7) female flowers at anthesis (occasionally on a given inflorescence a cupule can be found with only 1 flower); mature cupules with (1 or)2 or 3 nuts.		(2)
+	Cupules each with 1 female flower at anthesis (on a given inflorescence occasionally a cupule can be found with up to 3 flowers); mature cupules with 1(-3) nut.		(13)
2 (1)	Cupule bracts 1-2 cm; leaf blade midvein adaxially slightly raised.		(3)
+	Cupule bracts less than 1 cm (to 1.5 cm in C. lamontii); leaf blade midvein adaxially impressed or flat.		(5)
3 (2)	First-year branchlets and leaf blades densely pilose; leaf blade secondary veins 16-22 on each side of midvein		49 Castanopsis tessellata
+	First-year branchlets and leaf blades with scalelike trichomes; leaf blade secondary veins 10-17 on each side of midvein.		(4)
4 (3)	Leaf blade margin serrate; secondary veins 10-13 on each side of midvein		47 Castanopsis xichouensis
+	Leaf blade margin entire; secondary veins 14-17 on each side of midvein		48 Castanopsis rockii
5 (2)	First-year branchlets and leaf blades abaxially at least adjacent to midvein pilose or villous.		(6)
+	First-year branchlets and leaf blades glabrous or apex of young branchlets and midvein of young leaf blades abaxially with sparse coarse hairs.		(7)
6 (5)	Leaf blade 16-30 × 5-8 cm; secondary veins 16-22 on each side of midvein		50 Castanopsis kweichowensis
+	Leaf blade 10-18 × 2-5 cm; secondary veins 13-17		51 Castanopsis ceratacantha
7 (5)	Nuts glabrous or with sparse short hairs only around scar when young		52 Castanopsis fabri
+	Nuts covered with appressed hairs.		(8)
8 (7)	Leaf blade apex mucronate or caudate.		(9)
+	Leaf blade apex acute to acuminate.		(10)
9 (8)	Leaf blade apex mucronate; cupule bracts transversely united to discontinuous cristate rings		55 Castanopsis crassifolia
+	Leaf blade apex caudate and bent; cupule bracts in bundles		56 Castanopsis chunii
10 (8)	Petiole 1.5-3 cm		54 Castanopsis lamontii
+	Petiole 0.8-1.5 cm.		(11)
11 (10)	First-year leaf blades glabrous		57 Castanopsis orthacantha
+	First-year leaf blades abaxially covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown slightly loose waxy scalelike trichomes.		(12)
12 (11)	Leaf blade secondary veins 13-19 on each side of midvein		53 Castanopsis wattii
+	Leaf blade secondary veins 9-13 on each side of midvein		58 Castanopsis platyacantha
13 (1)	Cupule bracts scalelike or only bract base transversely adnate to rib rings; nuts maturing and falling in 1st year but empty cupules persisting on rachis; shoot leaves spirally arranged (distichous in C. uraiana).		(14)
+	Cupule bracts spiny or rarely tubercular; nuts maturing and falling in 2nd year, cupules falling with nut; shoot leaves usually distichous.		(19)
14 (13)	Cotyledons cerebriform rugose; young leaf blades glaucous, covered with brown to reddish brown waxy scalelike trichomes.		(15)
+	Cotyledons plano-convex; young leaf blades not glaucous, without or only abaxially with ± adherent waxy scalelike trichomes.		(17)
15 (14)	Base of cupules shortly stipitate; branchlets pubescent		3 Castanopsis cerebrina
+	Base of cupules sessile; branchlets glabrous.		(16)
16 (15)	Cupules cupular, enclosing 1/2-2/3 of nut; nut 0.3-0.6 cm in diam.		1 Castanopsis calathiformis
+	Cupules ellipsoid to ovoid, completely or almost completely enclosing nut; nut 1.1-1.6 cm in diam.		2 Castanopsis fissa
17 (14)	Cupules globose to subglobose, completely or almost completely enclosing nut; nut scar 7-9 mm in diam.		6 Castanopsis sclerophylla
+	Cupules shallowly cupular, rarely enclosing more than 1/4-1/3 of nut; nut scar 4-6 mm in diam.		(18)
18 (17)	Leaf blade base inaequilateral; fruit maturing on previous year's branches		4 Castanopsis uraiana
+	Leaf blade base attenuate; fruit maturing on current year's branches		5 Castanopsis longzhouica
19 (13)	Cupule outside wall completely covered by spinelike bracts.		(20)
20 (19)	Leaf blade margin serrate.		(21)
+	Leaf blade margin entire or rarely a few leaves shallowly serrate toward leaf blade apex.		(26)
21 (20)	First-year branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent.		(22)
+	First-year branchlets, petioles, and leaf blades abaxially puberulent.		(24)
22 (21)	Leaf blade margin shallowly serrate from middle to apex; secondary veins usually not reaching margin; petiole rarely longer than 1 cm		8 Castanopsis hystrix
+	Leaf blade margin serrate from near base to apex; secondary veins reaching margin; petiole 1-3 cm.		(23)
23 (22)	Leaf blade usually narrower than 5 cm; young leaf blades abaxially covered with sometimes early glabrescent brownish powdery waxy scalelike trichomes; cupules 2.5-4 cm in diam.		17 Castanopsis choboensis
+	Leaf blade 5-10 cm wide; young leaf blades abaxially thinly covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown waxy scalelike trichomes; cupules 6-8 cm in diam.		13 Castanopsis tibetana
24 (21)	Transverse section of cupule bracts triangular or trapeziform		16 Castanopsis clarkei
+	Transverse section of cupule bracts circular.		(25)
25 (24)	Leaf blade secondary veins 15-25 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins abaxially conspicuous; petiole usually less than 1 cm		14 Castanopsis indica
+	Leaf blade secondary veins 10-15 on each side of midvein, reticulate veins abaxially very slender and evident to inconspicuous; petiole 1-1.8 cm		15 Castanopsis hainanensis
26 (20)	Branches and leaf blades glabrous or leaves abaxially with membranous scalelike trichomes.		(27)
+	Branches and leaf blades hairy (at least on 1st-year branchlets and abaxial midvein) or leaf blades abaxially covered with waxy scalelike trichomes.		(28)
27 (26)	Cupules 6-8 cm in diam., wall ca. 3 mm thick; bracts 2-3 cm; nuts oblate, puberulent, scar covering 1/3 of nut		7 Castanopsis kawakamii
+	Cupules 2-3 cm in diam., wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts 0.4-1 cm; nuts broadly conical, glabrous, scar covering only basal part of nut		34 Castanopsis eyrei
28 (26)	Leaf blade base cordate, shallowly auriculate, or rarely rounded; petiole 1-3(-5) mm		12 Castanopsis fordii
+	Leaf blade base not cordate or auriculate but may be rounded; petiole (4-)8-20 mm.		(29)
29 (28)	Leaf blade 4-10 cm.		(30)
+	Leaf blade 10-25 cm.		(31)
30 (29)	Infructescences ca. 15 cm; cupules 2.5-4 cm in diam., bracts 0.6-1 cm		8 Castanopsis hystrix
+	Infructescences 4-8 cm; cupules 5-6 cm in diam., bracts 1-2 cm		9 Castanopsis concinna
31 (29)	Petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade 15-25 cm, midvein adaxially usually impressed, secondary veins 12-16 on each side of midvein; nuts oblate, 1.5-2 cm in diam., scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut		10 Castanopsis mekongensis
+	Petiole 0.8-1 cm; leaf blade 10-15 cm, midvein adaxially raised, secondary veins 9-12 on each side of midvein; nuts broadly conical, 2-3.5 cm in diam., scar covering only basal part of nut		11 Castanopsis globigemmata