1	Inflorescences pseudolateral, basal involucral bract erect, terete, seemingly a continuation of stem; bracteoles 2; leaves reduced to a sheath and closely embracing stem.		(2)
+	Inflorescences terminal (if sometimes seemingly pseudolateral, then erect involucral bract leaflike, somewhat flat or adaxially channeled), involucral bract leaflike or absent; bracteoles usually absent; leaves basal and cauline or all basal.		(5)
2 (1)	Stamens 6.		(3)
+	Stamens 3 (sometimes 6 in J. effusus).		(4)
3 (2)	Stems 40--80 cm × 1.2--4 mm; stamens ca. 1/2 as long as perianth		1 Juncus inflexus
+	Stems 5--7 cm × ca. 1 mm; stamens ca. 2/3 as long as perianth		2 Juncus filiformis
4 (2)	Perianth segments unequal, outer ones slightly longer than inner; capsule oblong, 3-loculed		3 Juncus effusus
+	Perianth segments equal; capsule ovoid, 1-loculed, incompletely 3-septate		4 Juncus setchuensis
5 (1)	Herbs annual, without a rhizome.		(6)
+	Herbs perennial, usually with a conspicuous rhizome.		(11)
6 (5)	Flower solitary or occasionally paired.		(7)
+	Flowers few to many.		(8)
7 (6)	Plants 1.2--2.4 cm tall; leaves basal; perianth segments blackish purple, margin inconspicuously scarious; style 1.9--2.1 mm; stigmas 1.8--3 mm		11 Juncus nigroviolaceus
+	Plants 4--9 cm tall; leaves basal and cauline; perianth segments whitish, margin hyaline; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas short		12 Juncus perparvus
8 (6)	Capsule trigonous subglobose, ca. 2 mm		16 Juncus amuricus subsp. wui
+	Capsule trigonous ellipsoid, subellipsoid, or ovoid, 2.9--5 mm.		(9)
9 (8)	Flowers secund, subsessile; anthers 0.9--1.1 mm; stigmas ca. 1.5 mm		13 Juncus aletaiensis
+	Flowers in clusters or lax inflorescences, pedicellate; anthers 0.5--0.8 mm; stigmas 0.5--0.8 mm.		(10)
10 (9)	Inflorescences usually lax; inner perianth segments acute at apex, longer than capsule; seeds usually apiculate at base and apex		14 Juncus bufonius
+	Inflorescences capitate clusters or occasionally lax; inner perianth segments obtuse to rarely acute at apex, shorter than capsule; seeds obtuse at base and apex		15 Juncus ranarius
11 (5)	Flowers inserted singly on branches of inflorescences or inflorescences 1- or 2-flowered.		(12)
+	Flowers few to many in capitate clusters or indistinct heads (rarely (1 or)2--7 flowers forming cymes in J. longistamineus and J. luzuliformis).		(17)
12 (11)	Involucral bract seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 4--4.5 mm		5 Juncus kangpuensis
+	Involucral bract not seemingly a continuation of stem; capsule 2--3.6(--4) mm.		(13)
13 (12)	Filaments 0.3--0.5 mm; anthers 1.2--1.6 mm.		(14)
+	Filaments 0.8--1.5 mm; anthers 0.5--1 mm.		(15)
14 (13)	Involucral bract shorter than inflorescence; perianth segments brownish yellow, apex acuminate		7 Juncus libanoticus
+	Involucral bract longer than inflorescence; perianth segments yellowish green, apex obtuse		8 Juncus heptopotamicus
15 (13)	Involucral bract longer than inflorescence; perianth segments 1.8--2.6 mm; filaments 0.7--0.9 mm		6 Juncus gracillimus
+	Involucral bract shorter than or equaling inflorescence; perianth segments 3.1--4 mm; filaments 1.2--1.5 mm.		(16)
16 (15)	Stamens 6; leaves basal; perianth segments scarious at margin, apex tapered to a sharp point		9 Juncus tenuis
+	Stamens 3; leaves basal and cauline; perianth segments hyaline at margin, apex acute		10 Juncus taonanensis
17 (11)	Leaf blade distinctly but sometimes incompletely septate (septa inconspicuous in J. dongchuanensis and J. miyiensis).		(18)
+	Leaf blade not septate or septa inconspicuous.		(37)
18 (17)	Seeds appendaged.		(19)
+	Seeds not appendaged.		(23)
19 (18)	Inflorescences with (2--)6--8 heads		20 Juncus grisebachii
+	Inflorescences with 1 or 2(or 3) heads.		(20)
20 (19)	Stamens shorter than perianth; anthers longer than filaments; leaves basal.		(21)
+	Stamens longer than perianth; anthers shorter than filaments; leaves basal and cauline.		(22)
21 (20)	Stems borne singly; basal leaf sheaths orange to brownish yellow; leaves filiform, shorter than stem		60 Juncus sikkimensis
+	Stems densely clumped; basal leaf sheaths brown to reddish brown; leaves stout, subequaling stem		61 Juncus longiflorus
22 (20)	Heads 7--25-flowered; perianth segments 5--8 mm; seeds 0.8--1 mm		18 Juncus allioides
+	Heads 4--6-flowered; perianth segments 4.3--5 mm; seeds ca. 2.7 mm		19 Juncus chrysocarpus
23 (18)	Heads and cymes with flowers both fertile and sterile or all sterile.		(24)
+	Heads with all flowers fertile.		(25)
24 (23)	Outer perianth segments ovate, 2--2.5 mm, 1-veined, inner ones 4--4.5 mm; filaments 3--3.5 mm; style 1.2--1.5 mm; perianth segments of sterile flowers broadly ovate		34 Juncus miyiensis
+	Outer perianth segments lanceolate, 3.9--4.5 mm, 3-veined, inner ones 6--6.4 mm; filaments ca. 6.5 mm; style 2--2.3 mm; perianth segments of sterile flowers narrowly lanceolate		35 Juncus dongchuanensis
25 (23)	Leaf blade incompletely septate (completely so in J. prismatocarpus subsp. teretifolius).		(26)
+	Leaf blade completely septate.		(28)
26 (25)	Stamens 6; stems laterally broadly winged		31 Juncus alatus
+	Stamens 3; stems narrowly or inconspicuously winged.		(27)
27 (26)	Perianth segments equal or inner ones somewhat shorter than outer; flower heads globose to hemispheric; capsule narrowly prismatic		32 Juncus prismatocarpus
+	Perianth segments unequal, inner ones longer than outer; flower heads globose and starlike; capsule trigonous oblong		33 Juncus diastrophanthus
28 (25)	Stamens 6.		(29)
+	Stamens 3.		(32)
29 (28)	Stems 2--4 mm in diam.; flower heads globose		21 Juncus atratus
+	Stems usually less than 2 mm in diam.; flower heads usually hemispheric, rarely subglobose.		(30)
30 (29)	Perianth segments unequal, inner ones slightly longer than outer; anthers ovoid		24 Juncus krameri
+	Perianth segments equal or inner ones slightly shorter than outer; anthers oblong or linear.		(31)
31 (30)	Perianth segments 2--2.4 mm; anthers shorter than filaments; heads 2--7-flowered; capsule 2.6--3 mm		22 Juncus turczaninowii
+	Perianth segments 2.5--3 mm; anthers usually subequaling filaments; heads 5--10(--15)-flowered; capsule 3--3.5 mm		23 Juncus articulatus
32 (28)	Heads globose, 15--30-flowered; capsule shorter than perianth		25 Juncus yanshanuensis
+	Heads usually hemispheric or obconical, usually less than 10-flowered; capsule longer than perianth.		(33)
33 (32)	Capsule trigonous oblong, apex cuspidate or tapered into a short beak.		(34)
+	Capsule trigonous lanceolate or trigonous ellipsoid, apex acute or acuminate (or tapered into a beak in J. leptospermus).		(35)
34 (33)	Plants 25--40 cm tall; inflorescences usually with more than 25 heads; leaf sheath auricles 0.6--1 mm; capsule apically tapered into a beak		29 Juncus wallichianus
+	Plants 6--11 cm tall; inflorescences with 3--7 heads; leaf sheath auricles 1.4--1.7 mm; capsule apically tapered into a short beak		30 Juncus auritus
35 (33)	Heads usually 2--4-flowered; perianth segments narrowly lanceolate; capsule 3--3.5 mm, apex acuminate		26 Juncus papillosus
+	Heads usually 4--9-flowered; perianth segments boatlike or lanceolate; capsule 3.5--4 mm, apex acute or tapered into a beak.		(36)
36 (35)	Plants 35--70 cm tall; capsule trigonous lanceolate, apex tapered into a beak; seeds spindlelike, 0.5--0.7 mm		27 Juncus leptospermus
+	Plants 14--25 cm tall; capsule trigonous ellipsoid, apex acute; seed obovoid, 0.6--1 mm		28 Juncus ohwianus
37 (17)	Seeds usually not appendaged		17 Juncus ochraceus
+	Seeds usually appendaged.		(38)
38 (37)	Inflorescence of few to many heads.		(39)
+	Inflorescence usually a solitary head, rarely of (1 or)2--5-flowered cymes.		(55)
39 (38)	Stamens longer than perianth.		(40)
+	Stamens shorter than or nearly equaling perianth.		(45)
40 (39)	Leaf blade terete or V-shaped in cross section (flat to slightly convolute in J. lanpinguensis).		(41)
+	Leaf blade flat, grasslike.		(43)
41 (40)	Stems 0.5--1 mm in diam.; leaf blade V-shaped in cross section; filaments 4--5 mm		63 Juncus concinnus
+	Stems 1.7--2 mm in diam.; leaf blade flat to slightly convolute or terete in cross section; filaments 5--7.5 mm.		(42)
42 (41)	Leaf blade flat to slightly convolute in cross section, apex obtuse; leaf sheath auricles absent; flower heads 5--11; anthers 1.2--2 mm; style ca. 2 mm		64 Juncus lanpinguensis
+	Leaf blade terete in cross section, apex acute to acuminate; leaf sheath auricles rounded; flower heads 2; anthers 2.2--2.5 mm; style ca. 0.6 mm		65 Juncus meiguensis
43 (40)	Anthers 0.7--1.2 mm; capsule blackish brown, 6--7 mm; plants to 60 cm tall		68 Juncus spumosus
+	Anthers 1.5--2.5 mm; capsule yellowish to orange, 3.5--5.4 mm; plants 10--30 cm tall.		(44)
44 (43)	Flower heads 1.2--2 cm in diam.; perianth segments 4.5--7 mm; anthers linear, 2--2.5 mm		66 Juncus clarkei
+	Flower heads 0.5--1 cm in diam.; perianth segments 2.8--4.5 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5--1.8 mm		67 Juncus gracilicaulis
45 (39)	Leaves all basal.		(46)
+	Leaves basal and cauline.		(48)
46 (45)	Cataphylls absent; inflorescences terminal; anthers ca. 2 × as long as filaments		62 Juncus milashanensis
+	Cataphylls present; inflorescences seemingly pseudolateral; anthers 2--3 × as long as filaments.		(47)
47 (46)	Stems borne singly; basal leaf sheaths orange to brownish yellow; leaves filiform, shorter than stem		60 Juncus sikkimensis
+	Stems densely clumped; basal leaf sheaths brown to reddish brown; leaves stout, subequaling stem		61 Juncus longiflorus
48 (45)	Leaf blade (6--)7--12 mm wide.		(49)
+	Leaf blade no more than 6 mm wide.		(50)
49 (48)	Heads 15--19 per cyme, each head 0.7--1.2 cm in diam.; style 1--1.5 mm		71 Juncus giganteus
+	Heads 4--10 per cyme, each head 1.2--1.8 cm in diam.; style 2.5--3 mm		72 Juncus crassistylus
50 (48)	Anthers longer than filaments.		(51)
+	Anthers shorter than filaments.		(52)
51 (50)	Cauline leaves 1--4; stamens shorter than perianth		69 Juncus amplifolius
+	Cauline leaves absent or 1; stamens sometimes subequaling perianth		70 Juncus nepalicus
52 (50)	Perianth segments 6.3--11 mm; capsule shorter than perianth		76 Juncus sphacelatus
+	Perianth segments 4--5(--6) mm; capsule longer than perianth.		(53)
53 (52)	Filaments 2.5--3.5 mm		75 Juncus himalensis
+	Filaments ca. 2 mm.		(54)
54 (53)	Perianth segments unequal, outer ones longer than inner; capsule 6--7 mm		73 Juncus castaneus
+	Perianth segments equal; capsule 7.5--8 mm		74 Juncus tibeticus
55 (38)	Leaf blade flattened, grasslike; leaf sheath auricles absent.		(56)
+	Leaf blade terete or somewhat flattened or linear; leaf sheath auricles usually present.		(57)
56 (55)	Inflorescences 5--7 mm in diam., 2-flowered; basal leaf 1		58 Juncus unifolius
+	Inflorescences 7--14 mm in diam., (2 or)3--6-flowered; basal leaves more than 1		59 Juncus minimus
57 (55)	Leaves all basal, rarely sub-basal.		(58)
+	Leaves basal and cauline (rarely only basal in J. benghalensis).		(65)
58 (57)	Plants 1.5--5 cm tall		42 Juncus perpusillus
+	Plants 5--35 cm tall (rarely ca. 3 cm in J. brachystigma).		(59)
59 (58)	Basal involucral bract distinctly longer than flower head (sometimes equaling head in J. brachystigma).		(60)
+	Basal 1 or 2 involucral bracts shorter than or subequaling or occasionally slightly longer than flower head.		(62)
60 (59)	Stigmas very short		41 Juncus brachystigma
+	Stigmas 0.5--2.2 mm.		(61)
61 (60)	Stems 0.5--0.9 mm in diam.; leaf blade flat, 1--8 cm × 0.6--1 mm; flower heads 0.6--1.5 cm in diam.		39 Juncus leucomelas
+	Stems 1--1.3 mm in diam.; leaf blade terete, 8--15 cm × 1.2--2 mm; flower heads 1.4--1.9 cm in diam.		40 Juncus kingii
62 (59)	Anthers 2.2--3.2 mm; style 2--3 mm.		(63)
+	Anthers 0.7--2 mm; style not more than 1 mm.		(64)
63 (62)	Heads 8--13-flowered; bracts yellowish; anthers 2.2--2.6 mm		38 Juncus yunnanensis
+	Heads (1 or)2(or 3)-flowered; bracts yellowish white; anthers 2.8--3.2 mm		45 Juncus longistamineus
64 (62)	Bracts closely encircling flowers; stamens nearly as long as perianth; anthers oblong, 0.7--1 mm		36 Juncus triglumis
+	Bracts spreading outward; stamens longer than perianth; anthers linear, 1.6--2 mm		37 Juncus thomsonii
65 (57)	Cymes 2--7-flowered		46 Juncus luzuliformis
+	Heads 2--20-flowered.		(66)
66 (65)	Basal 1(or 2) bracts equaling or much longer than flower head.		(67)
+	Bracts shorter than flower head or basal 1 or 2 bracts slightly longer than head.		(71)
67 (66)	Leaf blade inconspicuously septate; style short		48 Juncus membranaceus
+	Leaf blade not septate; style long.		(68)
68 (67)	Cauline leaves 2--3 cm; bracts usually 2		50 Juncus bracteatus
+	Cauline leaves 3--12 cm; bracts 3 to several.		(69)
69 (68)	Perianth segments 4--6 mm; filaments 5--6 mm; anthers 2.2--3.3 mm		49 Juncus benghalensis
+	Perianth segments 3.1--4 mm; filaments 2.5--4.2 mm; anthers 0.8--1.5 mm.		(70)
70 (69)	Capsule trigonous obovoid to trigonous oblong, 4.5--5 mm; seeds ca. 2 mm		43 Juncus maximowiczii
+	Capsule ovoid, 3.5--3.7 mm; seeds 0.5--0.7 mm		47 Juncus potaninii
71 (66)	Stigma 1, capitate or subglobose		51 Juncus cephalostigma
+	Stigmas 3, linear.		(72)
72 (71)	Style 1.8--4 mm (rarely ca. 0.5 mm in J. przewalskii).		(73)
+	Style 0.8--1.7 mm.		(75)
73 (72)	Cauline leaves usually 2, cataphylls shiny		55 Juncus leucanthus
+	Cauline leaf usually 1, cataphylls dull and often withered.		(74)
74 (73)	Filaments apically thinner and discolored; seeds ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm; appendages 0.5--0.8 mm		56 Juncus tanguticus
+	Filaments apically neither thinner nor discolored; seeds oblong, ca. 1 mm; appendages 0.9--1 mm		57 Juncus przewalskii
75 (72)	Perianth segments linear; capsule 5--6 mm		44 Juncus triflorus
+	Perianth segments lanceolate; capsule 2.2--4.5 mm.		(76)
76 (75)	Cauline leaves usually 2; leaf sheath auricles developed		52 Juncus modicus
+	Cauline leaf 1; leaf sheath auricles absent.		(77)
77 (76)	Plants 5.5--6.5 cm tall; basal leaves 1 or 2, leaf blade 5--14 cm; cauline leaves not jointed; heads usually 3- or 4-flowered; perianth segments straw-colored or reddish brown, 3--3.7 mm		53 Juncus kangdingensis
+	Plants 14.5--18.5(--25) cm tall; basal leaves absent or leaf blade reduced and bristlelike; cauline leaves jointed near apex; heads usually 5--8-flowered; perianth segments whitish, 3.9--5.8 mm		54 Juncus concolor