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1. Passiflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 955. 1753.
西番莲属 xi fan lian shu
Authors: Yinzheng Wang, Shawn E. Krosnick & Peter Møller Jørgensen
Granadilla Miller; Tripsilina Rafinesque.
Herbaceous or woody perennial vines, rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or rarely compound, alternate (subopposite in one species), entire or dissected, petiolate, usually with extra-floral nectaries on petiole and/or blade; stipules linear to leaflike, often glandular. Inflorescence axillary, cymose; peduncle often highly reduced or absent, central axis developed into a tendril, secondary axes often highly reduced to 1 or 2 flowers; bracts minute to foliaceous, sometimes glandular. Flowers bisexual (rarely plants dioecious). Hypanthium broad to campanulate. Sepals 5, often petaloid, sometimes with a subapical projection. Petals 5 (rarely absent). Corona present at base of perianth in one to several series of showy filaments; innermost series (operculum) membranous, partially to entirely fused, margin entire or fimbriate, often incurved over nectar chamber; extra-staminal nectariferous disk (limen) present around base of androgynophore, fused to base of hypanthium. Stamens (4 or)5(-8); filaments free (rarely connate into a tube around ovary); anthers linear or oblong, dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary on androgynophore, stipitate or sessile, 3(-5)-carpellate; styles 3(-5), free; stigmas capitate. Fruit a berry (rarely a dehiscent capsule). Seeds arillate, compressed, testa pitted; endosperm oily, abundant; embryo straight; cotyledons elliptic or oblong-elliptic; germination epigeal (rarely hypogeal).
About 520 species: mainly in tropical America and tropical Asia; 20 species (seven endemic, seven introduced) in China.
Passiflora "alato-caerulea" (Lindley, Bot. Reg. 10: t. 848. 1824), a hybrid of horticultural origin, is grown in China and elsewhere for its flowers and robust, vigorous vegetative growth. The epithet "alato-caerulea" is considered to be a hybrid formula (i.e., P. alata Curtis × P. caerulea Linnaeus) and not a true epithet (Vienna Code, Art. H.10.3). The reader is referred to the following references: Killip, The American Species of Passifloraceae (Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 19(1-2): 1-331, 333-613. 1938); de Wilde, A monograph of the genus Adenia Forsk. (Passifloraceae) (Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71(18): 1-281. 1971); and de Wilde, The Indigenous Old World Passifloras (Blumea 20: 227-250. 1973 ["1972"]).
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| 1 |
Bracts not entire, pinnatifid or lacerate |
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(2) |
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Bracts entire, or caducous, never with glandular hairs |
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(3) |
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| 2 (1) |
Bracts pinnatifid, lobes apically with glandular hairs; leaves shallowly 3-lobed or entire; flowers 2-3 cm in diam.; petiole without glands. |
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16 P. foetida |
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Bracts lacerate, not glandular; leaves 3- or 5-lobed, never entire; flowers 3-5 cm; petiole with 2 stipitate glands. |
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15 P. adenopoda |
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| 3 (1) |
Leaves unlobed, entire |
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(4) |
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Leaves 2- or 3-lobed or 5-palmatifid |
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(11) |
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| 4 (3) |
Inflorescence reduced to only one flower; outer corona in 5 or 6 series |
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(5) |
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Inflorescence of more than one flower; coronal filaments in 1 or 2 series |
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(6) |
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| 5 (4) |
Stem 4-angled; leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular; stipules large, leaflike, 2-4 cm; petiole with 4-6 glands; fruit ovoid, 20-25 cm. |
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19 P. quadrangularis |
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Stem terete; leaves ovate-oblong; stipules linear; petiole with 2 glands; fruit globose, 5-6 cm in diam.. |
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20 P. laurifolia |
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| 6 (4) |
Laminar nectaries absent on abaxial surface; petiolar glands 2, small, at middle of petiole; inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered. |
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4 P. kwangtungensis |
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Laminar nectaries present on abaxial surface; petiolar glands various; inflorescence 2- to many flowered |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Leaves broadly ovate to cordate, with 20-50 tiny nectaries scattered on abaxial surface; sepals with apical appendage. |
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5 P. eberhardtii |
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Leaves ovate-elliptic, broadly lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or suborbicular, with 2 to many nectaries on abaxial surface; sepals lacking apical appendage |
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(8) |
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| 8 (7) |
Leaves suborbicular to broadly orbicular; inflorescence 2-8-flowered. |
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6 P. henryi |
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Leaves linear-lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or lanceolate to ovate; inflorescence 2-16-flowered |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Flowers with 5 stamens and 3 carpels; leaves ovate, subopposite to opposite, abaxially white pubescent. |
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2 P. cochinchinensis |
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Flowers with variable numbers of stamens and carpels; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, glabrous or pubescent |
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(10) |
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| 10 (9) |
Stem and leaves pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, alternate. |
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1 P. siamica |
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Stem and leaves glabrous; leaves lanceolate, spirally arranged. |
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3 P. tonkinensis |
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| 11 (3) |
Inflorescences 1-flowered; coronal filaments in 2-6 series |
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(12) |
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Inflorescences 2-20-flowered; coronal filaments in 1 or 2 series |
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(13) |
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| 12 (11) |
Leaves (3-)5(-9)-palmatifid, lobes entire; petiole with 2-4(-6) glands; stipules large, reniform, clasping. |
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18 P. caerulea |
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Leaves deeply 3-lobed, lobes dentate; petiole with 2 glands apically; stipules linear-subulate. |
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17 P. edulis |
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| 13 (11) |
Laminar nectaries absent on abaxial surface; petals absent; corona in 2 series. |
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14 P. suberosa |
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Laminar nectaries present on abaxial surface (2-25); petals present; corona in 1 or 2 series |
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(14) |
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| 14 (13) |
Coronal filaments ca. 1/2 as long as sepals or shorter; leaves truncate, lobes generally equal in length |
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(15) |
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Coronal filaments more than 1/2 as long as sepals; leaves shallowly to deeply lobed, lobes unequal in length, midvein often conspicuously shortened |
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(17) |
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| 15 (14) |
Petiole with 2 discoid nectaries at base; laminar nectaries in 2 lines near midvein. |
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8 P. jianfengensis |
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Petiole with 2 peg-shaped nectaries; laminar nectaries 2-4 on abaxial surface |
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(16) |
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| 16 (15) |
Plants strongly pubescent throughout; leaf blade often with 2 or 3 pairs of glands near apex of midvein on abaxial surface, apex truncate, usually 3-lobed. |
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9 P. jugorum |
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Plants glabrous, rarely glabrescent; leaf blade usually with 1 pair of glands near apex of midvein on abaxial surface, apex strongly truncate, usually 2-lobed. |
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10 P. wilsonii |
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| 17 (14) |
Lobes of leaves apically obtuse; abaxial surface with 6-25 nectaries; sepals with apical appendage. |
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7 P. cupiformis |
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Lobes of leaves apically acute; abaxial surface with 2-8 nectaries; sepals lacking awn |
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(18) |
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| 18 (17) |
Inflorescence 5-8-flowered; leaves truncate, lobes ovate-oblong; petiole with 2 conspicuous, auriculate glands. |
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11 P. papilio |
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Inflorescence 1-16-flowered; leaves deeply truncate; base of leaves lanceolate |
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(19) |
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| 19 (18) |
Stem striate; leaves and stems pubescent; flowers 2-16 per inflorescence; coronal filaments white throughout. |
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12 P. altebilobata |
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Stem subtriangular, smooth; leaves and stems glabrous, veins white; flowers 1 or 2 per inflorescence; coronal filaments brown at base, yellow at apex. |
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13 P. xishuangbannaensis |
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List of lower taxa
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