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31. Platanthera Richard, De Orchid. Eur. 20, 26, 35. 1817.
舌唇兰属 she chun lan shu
Authors: Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale & Phillip J. Cribb
Blephariglottis Rafinesque; Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg; Limnorchis Rydberg; Lysiella Rydberg; Perularia Lindley; Piperia Rydberg; Tulotis Rafinesque.
Herbs, terrestrial, small to medium-sized. Rootstock composed of a slender, creeping stolon, or of a fusiform or ovoid tuber, fleshy, sometimes fascicled, usually with several filiform roots at neck. Stem erect or ascending, with 1 to several leaves. Leaves basal or cauline, alternate or rarely subopposite, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or linear-lanceolate, sheathing at base. Inflorescence terminal, glabrous; peduncle cylindric, with 1 or more often foliaceous bracts; rachis few to many flowered, lax or dense; floral bracts usually lanceolate, herbaceous. Flowers often sweetly scented, resupinate, white, green, yellow-green, rose-pink, or orange, variable in size; pedicel and ovary twisted, arcuate toward apex, cylindric to fusiform, glabrous. Dorsal sepal usually connivent with petals and forming a hood, concave, short, margin ciliate or glabrous; lateral sepals spreading or reflexed, longer than dorsal sepal, margin ciliate or glabrous. Petals usually narrower than sepals; lip spreading or pendulous, sometimes strongly deflexed, entire and ligulate, sometimes with small lateral lobes at base, or divided and fimbriate to varying degrees, usually slightly fleshy, sometimes with a central thickening, sometimes with a callus on disk, spurred at base; spur usually very long and filiform or narrowly cylindric, rarely short and conic. Column short, stout, with a pair of staminodes at base of anther; anther erect, broad, with 2 parallel or divergent locules, connective conspicuous; pollinia 2, sectile, clavate, granular-farinaceous, each with conspicuous caudicle and naked viscidium; rostellum triangular, with 2 divergent arms at base; stigma lobes confluent, concave, lying below rostellum and fused with its lower part, or on a convex surface surrounded by rostellum, or sometimes of 2 separate, raised lobes placed in front of mouth of spur. Capsule erect.
About 200 species: throughout Europe and N Africa, north temperate Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and New Guinea, and Central and North America; 42 species (19 endemic) in China.
Placement of some of the small-flowered and shortly spurred species here as opposed to in Peristylus is questionable, though critical re-evaluation currently is hampered by the very limited material (particularly of the endemic Chinese species) available for study.
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| 1 |
Spur shorter than or subequal in length to lip |
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(2) |
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Spur conspicuously longer than lip |
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(10) |
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| 2 (1) |
Leaves 4 or 5; floral bracts pubescent; lip with a basal callus. |
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34 P. clavigera |
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Leaves 1-3; floral bracts glabrous; lip ecallose |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Plants less than 5 cm tall; lip 15-20 mm; spur 7-9 mm. |
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42 P. peichatieniana |
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Plants more than 5 cm tall; lip 1.5-6 mm; spur 1-4 mm |
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(4) |
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| 4 (3) |
Flowers white, sometimes flushed with pink |
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(5) |
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Flowers green, pale green, or yellowish green |
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(6) |
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| 5 (4) |
Leaves 1 or 2, oblong to elliptic, 1-3 cm wide; dorsal sepal ovate to suborbicular, 2.5-3 mm. |
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35 P. brevicalcarata |
| + |
Leaf solitary, linear to ligulate, 0.4-1 cm wide; dorsal sepal oblong, 5-6.5 mm. |
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36 P. roseotincta |
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| 6 (4) |
Leaf solitary; spur ca. 1 mm. |
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37 P. minutiflora |
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Leaves 2; spur 2-3 mm |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Leaves linear, at least 5 × as long as broad; disk of lip densely papillose. |
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41 P. kwangsiensis |
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Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, oblong, or elliptic, less than 4 × as long as broad; lip glabrous |
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(8) |
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| 8 (7) |
Leaves 5-7 × 2-3 cm; lip more than 4 mm. |
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40 P. taiwanensis |
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Leaves 3-3.5 × 1-1.6 cm; lip to ca. 3.6 mm |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Lip ca. 3.6 mm; spur clavate, ca. 2.2 mm; leaves oblong, ca. 3 × 1 cm. |
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38 P. handel-mazzettii |
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Lip ca. 2.5 mm; spur cylindric to ovoid, ca. 2 mm; leaves elliptic, ca. 3.5 × 1.6 cm. |
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39 P. herminioides |
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| 10 (1) |
Leaves always 2, basal and subopposite |
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(11) |
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Leaf solitary and basal, or leaves 2-6, cauline, alternate and usually widely spaced, never basal and subopposite |
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(12) |
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| 11 (10) |
Spur 20-25 mm, slender, not dilated; connective narrow, apex ca. 0.5 mm wide; anther locules parallel. |
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13 P. bifolia |
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Spur 25-36 mm, stout, dilated toward apex; connective rather broad, apex ca. 1.5 mm wide; anther locules divergent. |
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14 P. chlorantha |
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| 12 (10) |
Lip with a pair of small lateral lobes at base |
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(13) |
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Lip simple, lacking lateral lobes |
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(17) |
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| 13 (12) |
Lip with a conic callus on disk in front of mouth of spur. |
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28 P. finetiana |
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Lip ecallose |
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(14) |
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| 14 (13) |
Spur 50-64 mm. |
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24 P. arcuata |
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Spur 4-14 mm |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Spur 4-5 mm, shorter than ovary. |
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23 P. ussuriensis |
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Spur 10-14 mm, equal in length to or exceeding ovary |
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(16) |
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| 16 (15) |
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm wide; lip 6-8 mm. |
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15 P. devolii |
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Leaves obovate to elliptic, 3-7 cm wide; lip 4-5 mm. |
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19 P. souliei |
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| 17 (12) |
Lip with an oblong or conic callus on disk in front of mouth of spur |
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(18) |
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Lip ecallose |
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(19) |
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| 18 (17) |
Leaves (2 or)3-6; inflorescence laxly flowered; margin of dorsal sepal ciliate. |
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29 P. latilabris |
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Leaves 1-4; inflorescence subdensely to densely flowered; dorsal sepal glabrous. |
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20 P. sachalinensis |
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| 19 (17) |
Leaves usually 4-6 (though P. japonica occasionally 3-leaved) |
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(20) |
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Leaves 1-3 |
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(23) |
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| 20 (19) |
Leaves 3-7.5 cm wide; spur 25-60 mm. |
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30 P. japonica |
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Leaves 0.8-3 cm wide; spur 10-20 mm |
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(21) |
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| 21 (20) |
Plants less than 25 cm tall; inflorescence laxly 5-9-flowered. |
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33 P. sikkimensis |
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Plants more than 30 cm tall; inflorescence subdensely to densely many flowered |
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(22) |
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| 22 (21) |
Plants 30-35 cm tall; peduncle robust; flowers green to yellowish green; lip linear, ca. 1 mm wide. |
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31 P. oreophila |
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Plants 35-85 cm tall; peduncle slender; flowers white; lip ligulate to ligulate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm wide. |
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32 P. hologlottis |
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| 23 (19) |
Sepal margins ciliate |
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(24) |
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Sepals glabrous |
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(30) |
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| 24 (23) |
Lip ca. 11 mm; petals ca. 8 mm. |
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18 P. curvata |
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Lip to 8 mm; petals to 6 mm |
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(25) |
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| 25 (24) |
Leaf usually solitary, or rarely 2; inflorescence 3-10-flowered |
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(26) |
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Leaves usually 2 (though P. stenantha occasionally 1-leaved); inflorescence 7- to many flowered |
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(28) |
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| 26 (25) |
Leaf linear to linear-oblong, 0.7-1.4 cm wide; viscidia suborbicular. |
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8 P. leptocaulon |
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Leaf elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 0.7-3.5 cm wide; viscidia narrowly oblong |
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(27) |
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| 27 (26) |
Petals 2-2.2 mm wide; anther locules divergent; staminodes rectangular. |
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6 P. chiloglossa |
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Petals 1-1.5 mm wide; anther locules parallel; staminodes suborbicular. |
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7 P. exelliana |
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| 28 (25) |
Lip 2-2.5 mm wide; stigma lobes confluent. |
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12 P. stenantha |
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Lip 1.5-1.6 mm wide; stigma lobes separate |
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(29) |
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| 29 (28) |
Spur 17-18 mm; lip strongly deflexed; sepals only ciliate along apical margin. |
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16 P. deflexilabella |
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Spur 10-12 mm; lip straight; sepals ciliate along whole margin. |
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17 P. longiglandula |
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| 30 (23) |
Leaves 3 |
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(31) |
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Leaves 1 or 2 (though P. minor sometimes 3-leaved) |
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(33) |
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| 31 (30) |
Dorsal sepal and petals not connivent, not forming a hood; leaves 13-19 cm. |
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27 P. likiangensis |
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Dorsal sepal and petals connivent, forming a hood; leaves 8-13 cm |
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(32) |
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| 32 (31) |
Lip ca. 14 mm. |
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25 P. sinica |
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Lip ca. 6 mm. |
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26 P. bakeriana |
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| 33 (30) |
Dorsal sepal and petals not connivent, not forming a hood |
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(34) |
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Dorsal sepal and petals connivent, forming a hood |
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(35) |
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| 34 (33) |
Leaf always solitary, basal, broadly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2-6 cm wide; sterile bracts small, not foliaceous. |
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1 P. stenoglossa |
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Leaves 1 or 2, basal or cauline, narrowly elliptic, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm wide; sterile bracts large, foliaceous. |
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9 P. mandarinorum |
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| 35 (33) |
Plants less than 18 cm tall; leaf narrow, to 0.8 cm wide. |
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5 P. stenophylla |
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Plants 20-80 cm tall; leaf 0.8-5 cm wide |
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(36) |
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| 36 (35) |
Spur 6-8 mm, slightly shorter than to ca. as long as ovary; viscidia large, lanceolate. |
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11 P. longicalcarata |
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Spur more than 10 mm, usually exceeding ovary; viscidia small, suborbicular |
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(37) |
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| 37 (36) |
Leaf 0.8-2.2 cm wide |
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(38) |
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Leaf 2-5 cm wide |
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(39) |
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| 38 (37) |
Inflorescence 3-8-flowered; dorsal sepal 4.5-6 × 3-4.5 mm; lip 6-8 mm. |
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3 P. damingshanica |
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Inflorescence many flowered; dorsal sepal 2.5-3 × 2-2.5 mm; lip 5-6 mm. |
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4 P. tipuloides |
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| 39 (37) |
Peduncle usually robust; rachis many flowered |
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(40) |
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Peduncle slender; rachis 4-14-flowered |
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(41) |
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| 40 (39) |
Dorsal sepal 3.5-4 mm wide; spur pendent. |
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21 P. minor |
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Dorsal sepal ca. 7 mm wide; spur spreading horizontally. |
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22 P. densa |
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| 41 (39) |
Spur pendulous, incurved, ca. 11 mm. |
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2 P. lancilabris |
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Spur usually spreading horizontally, parallel to ovary, occasionally slightly pendulous and incurved, 17-23 mm. |
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10 P. yangmeiensis |
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List of lower taxa
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