1 |
Achene smooth or with very sparse spinules or tubercles above, spinules minute |
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(2) |
+ |
Achene sparsely to densely spinulose and/or squamulose above, spinules evident and not minute |
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(4) |
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2 (1) |
Achene cone subcylindric and clearly developed. |
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15 T. sect. Glabra (p. 316) |
+ |
Achene cone not developed at all or broadly conic and forming a gradual transition from achene body to beak |
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(3) |
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3 (2) |
Outer phyllaries sparsely to densely arachnoid on abaxial and/or adaxial surfaces; outer phyllary margin densely to sparsely arachnoid; achene usually 5-6.5 mm; beak not fragile, usually almost as thick as achene body; pappus easily breaking off. |
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4 T. sect. Oligantha (p. 280) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries glabrous on both surfaces; outer phyllary margin glabrous or subglabrous; achene usually 4-5 mm; beak fragile, thick or slightly thickened but narrower than achene body; pappus not easily breaking off. |
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13 T. sect. Atrata (p. 314) |
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4 (1) |
Most of outer phyllaries patent, arcuate-patent, recurved, or reflexed |
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(5) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries appressed, loosely appressed, or erect, a minority of them may be erect-patent |
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(12) |
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5 (4) |
Achene red, reddish brown, or deep brown |
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(6) |
+ |
Achene light grayish straw-colored brown, light olivaceous brown, yellowish, or pale ochraceous |
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(7) |
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6 (5) |
Achene longer than 4.2 mm; plants medium-sized to subrobust; tunic not evident. |
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19 T. sect. Erythrocarpa (p. 321) |
+ |
Achene 3.2-4.2 mm; plants small; tunic evident. |
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22 T. sect. Erythrosperma (p. 323) |
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7 (5) |
Near apex of outer phyllaries flat, callose, or minutely corniculate (check later flowering capitula) |
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(8) |
+ |
Near apex of outer phyllaries (check later flowering capitula) or sometimes only inner phyllaries with a conspicuous horn |
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(10) |
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8 (7) |
Outer phyllaries 3-5 mm wide and leaves subprostrate to erect-patent and not subleathery. |
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10 T. sect. Qaisera (p. 303) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries usually 1.5-3 mm wide, or if broader then leaves erect and subleathery |
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(9) |
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9 (8) |
Leaves erect, subleathery; achene (4-)5-6.1 mm; cone subcylindric, 1-2.2 mm. |
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9 T. sect. Turrita (p. 301) |
+ |
Leaves erect-patent to subprostrate, not subleathery; achene 3-4.5 mm; cone conic to subcylindric, 0.2-0.9 mm. |
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23 T. sect. Taraxacum (p. 324) |
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10 (7) |
Ligules yellowish orange, later light brownish orange; outer phyllaries 25-40. |
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1 T. sect. Biennia (p. 273) |
+ |
Ligules deep yellow; outer phyllaries to 25 |
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(11) |
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11 (10) |
Outer phyllaries 15-25, 6-13 mm; leaves subleathery; achene 4-6.1 mm. |
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9 T. sect. Turrita (p. 301) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries less than 15, to 6 mm; leaves not subleathery; achene 3-4 mm. |
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12 T. sect. Macrocornuta (p. 313) |
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12 (4) |
Outer phyllaries or sometimes only inner ones or both with conspicuous horns |
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(13) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries flat, callose, or minutely corniculate |
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(17) |
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13 (12) |
Achene body 1.1-2 mm wide when mature |
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(14) |
+ |
Achene body 0.7-1.1 mm wide when mature |
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(15) |
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14 (13) |
Outer phyllaries not distinctly veined; achene spinulose and/or tuberculate in upper 1/4-1/2 but otherwise ± smooth. |
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7 T. sect. Emodensia (p. 291) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries with distinct venation; achene usually squamulose or spinulose and tuberculate throughout. |
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8 T. sect. Mongolica (p. 296) |
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15 (13) |
Achene cone broadly conic to subconic; achene body abruptly to subabruptly narrowing into cone; scapes usually growing from lateral side to leaf rosette. |
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16 T. sect. Borealia (p. 317) |
+ |
Achene cone cylindric to subcylindric; achene body gradually to subgradually narrowing into cone; scapes growing from center of leaf rosette |
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(16) |
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16 (15) |
Outer phyllaries 13-24; leaves deeply dissected or pinnatisect, lateral lobes linear, linear-triangular, or rarely to narrowly triangular. |
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3 T. sect. Stenoloba (p. 278) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries 8-14; leaves shallowly pinnatilobed to pinnatifid, lateral lobes broadly triangular, deltoid, or broadly deltoid-triangular. |
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11 T. sect. Ceratoidea (p. 312) |
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17 (12) |
Outer phyllaries 3.5-8 mm wide |
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(18) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries 1-3.5 mm wide |
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(21) |
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18 (17) |
Outer phyllaries 6-17 mm |
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(19) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries 3-6 mm |
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(20) |
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19 (18) |
Outer phyllaries corniculate near apex; achene cone usually 0.8-1.4 mm; scapes densely arachnoid. |
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5 T. sect. Calanthodia (p. 281) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries flat near apex; achene cone usually 0.4-0.8 mm; scapes sparsely arachnoid to subglabrous or densely arachnoid. |
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10 T. sect. Qaisera (p. 303) |
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20 (18) |
Achene cone conic, 0.5-0.6 mm; achene body ± gradually narrowing into cone. |
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14 T. sect. Arctica (p. 316) |
+ |
Achene cone ± cylindric, 0.6-0.8 mm; achene body subabruptly narrowing into cone. |
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21 T. sect. Dissecta (p. 323) |
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21 (17) |
Outer phyllaries light glaucous-green to light green, dark color confined to a narrow middle strip, flat near apex. |
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17 T. sect. Parvula (p. 318) |
+ |
Outer phyllaries blackish, blackish green, dark green, or deep green, if light green then corniculate |
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(22) |
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22 (21) |
Achene light grayish straw-colored brown or light grayish brown |
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(23) |
+ |
Achene reddish, red, dark olivaceous brown, deep brown to blackish brown, or blackish |
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(26) |
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23 (22) |
Achene cone ± conic or subcylindric, 0.4-0.5 mm wide; beak thickened or thin |
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(24) |
+ |
Achene cone ± cylindric, 0.2-0.3 mm wide; beak thin |
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(25) |
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24 (23) |
Achene body spinules (particularly upper ones) coarse, usually curved upward. |
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2 T. sect. Leucantha (p. 273) |
+ |
Achene body spinules long or short and thinly or shortly subconic, straight, erect-patent to suberect. |
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6 T. sect. Tibetana (p. 285) |
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25 (23) |
Pappus white to yellowish white; flowering spring to early summer; dry subsaline or steppe to substeppe habitats. |
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3 T. sect. Stenoloba (p. 278) |
+ |
Pappus light pinkish brown; flowering late summer and autumn; wet saline habitats. |
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18 T. sect. Piesis (p. 320) |
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26 (22) |
Achene cone cylindric, thin; achene 3.2-3.8 mm. |
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21 T. sect. Dissecta (p. 323) |
+ |
Achene cone conic or subconic, if ± cylindric then thick; achene 3.7-5.5 mm |
|
(27) |
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27 (26) |
Achene beak longer than body usually by 1.5 mm or more. |
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6 T. sect. Tibetana (p. 285) |
+ |
Achene beak shorter than or equaling body |
|
(28) |
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28 (27) |
Achene blackish brown; stigmas blackish; leaf lateral lobes few. |
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14 T. sect. Arctica (p. 316) |
+ |
Achene reddish brown; stigmas pale grayish green; leaf lateral lobes numerous. |
|
20 T. sect. Suavia (p. 322) |