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11. Brassicaceae Burnett

Cruciferae Jussieu, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz

Herbs or subshrubs [shrubs or, rarely, lianas or trees], annual, biennial, or perennial; usually terrestrial, rarely submerged aquatics; with pungent watery juice; scapose or not; pubescent or glabrous, usually without papillae or tubercles (multicellular glandular papillae or tubercles present in Bunias, Chorispora, and Parrya); taprooted or rhizomatous (rarely stoloniferous), caudex simple or branched, sometimes woody, rhizomes slender or thick. Trichomes unicellular, simple, stalked, or sessile; forked, stellate, dendritic, malpighiaceous (medifixed, 2-fid, appressed), or peltate and scalelike, eglandular. Stems (absent in Idahoa, sometimes Leavenworthia) usually erect, sometimes ascending, descending, prostrate, decumbent, or procumbent; branched or unbranched. Leaves (sometimes persistent) cauline usually present, basal present or not (sometimes rhizomal present in Cardamine), rosulate or not, usually alternate (sometimes opposite or whorled in Cardamine angustata, C. concatenata, and C. diphylla and in Lunaria annua; sometimes subopposite in C. dissecta and C. maxima and in Draba ogilviensis), usually simple, rarely trifoliolate or pinnately, palmately, or bipinnately compound; stipules absent [with tiny, stipulelike glands at base of petioles and pedicels]; petiolate, sessile, or subsessile (sessile auriculate or not, sometimes amplexicaul); blade margins entire, dentate, crenate, sinuate, repand, or dissected. Inflorescences terminal, usually racemose (racemes often corymbose or paniculate) or flowers solitary on pedicels from axils of rosette leaves; bracts usually absent, sometimes present. Pedicels present (persistent or caducous [rarely geotropic]). Flowers bisexual [unisexual], usually actinomorphic (zygomorphic in Iberis, sometimes in Pennellia, Streptanthus, and Teesdalia); perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals usually caducous, rarely persistent, 4, in 2 decussate pairs (1 pair lateral, 1 median), distinct [connate], not saccate or lateral (inner) pair (or, rarely, both pairs) saccate, forming tubular, campanulate, or urceolate calyx; petals 4, alternate with sepals, usually cruciform, rarely in abaxial and adaxial pairs, rarely rudimentary or absent, claw differentiated or not from blade, blade sometimes reduced and much smaller than well-developed claw, basally unappendaged, or, rarely, appendaged, margins entire or emarginate to 2-fid, rarely pinnatifid [fimbriate or filiform]; stamens (2 or 4) 6 [8-24], in 2 whorls, usually tetradynamous (lateral outer pair shorter than median inner 2 pairs), rarely equal in length or in 3 pairs of unequal length; filaments (slender, sometimes winged, appendaged, or toothed): median pairs usually distinct, rarely connate; anthers dithecal, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, pollen grains 3(-11)-colpate, trinucleate; nectar glands receptacular, variable in number, shape, size, and disposition around filament base, always present opposite bases of lateral filaments, median glands present or absent; disc absent; pistil 1, 2-carpellate; ovary 2-locular with false septum connecting 2 placentae, rarely 1-locular and eseptate, placentation usually parietal, rarely apical; gynophore usually absent; style 1, persistent [caducous], sometimes obsolete or absent; stigma capitate or conical, entire or 2-lobed, lobes spreading or connivent, sometimes decurrent, distinct or connate, rarely elongated into horns or spines; ovules 1-300 per ovary, anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, usually crassinucellate, rarely tenuinucellate. Fruits usually capsular, usually 2-valved ((3 or) 4(-6) in Rorippa barbareifolia, (2 or) 4 in Tropidocarpum capparideum), termed siliques if length 3+ times width, or silicles if length less than 3 times width, sometimes nutletlike, lomentaceous, samaroid, or schizocarpic and [with] without a carpophore carrying the 1-seeded mericarp, dehiscent or indehiscent, segmented or not, torulose or smooth, terete, angled, or flat, often latiseptate (flattened parallel to septum) or angustiseptate (flattened at right angle to septum); gynophore usually absent, sometimes distinct; valves each not or obscurely veined, or prominently 1-7-veined, usually dehiscing acropetally, rarely basipetally, sometimes spirally or circinately coiled, glabrous or pubescent [spiny or glochidiate]; replum (persistent placenta) rounded, flattened, or indistinct (obsolete in Crambe, often perforate in Thysanocarpus); septum complete, perforated, reduced to a rim, or absent (obsolete in Crambe and Thysanocarpus, not differentiated from replum in Raphanus), sometimes with a midvein or anastomosing veins. Seeds usually yellow or brown, rarely black or white, flattened or plump, winged or not, or narrowly margined, ovoid, oblong, globose, or ovate, usually uniseriate or biseriate, sometimes aseriate, per locule, mucilaginous or not when wetted; embryo usually strongly curved, rarely straight with tiny radicle; cotyledons entire, emarginate, 3[2]-fid to base, orientation to radicle: incumbent (embryo notorrhizal: radicle lying along back of 1 cotyledon), accumbent (embryo pleurorrhizal: radicle applied to margins of both cotyledons), conduplicate (embryo orthoplocal: cotyledons folded longitudinally around radicle), or spirally coiled (embryo spirolobal) [twice transversely folded (embryo diplecolobal)]; endosperm absent (germination epigeal).

Genera ca. 338, species ca. 3780 (97 genera, 744 species in the flora): nearly worldwide, especially temperate areas, with the highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region, Mediterranean area, and western North America.

Of the 634 species of Brassicaceae (mustards or crucifers) native in the flora area, 616 (418 endemic) grow in the United States, 140 (12 endemic) in Canada, and 31 (1 endemic) in Greenland.

The latest comprehensive account of the Brassicaceae for North America (R. C. Rollins 1993) included Mexico and Central America and excluded Greenland. In that account, 667 native species were recognized for the continent; I place 37 of those in the synonymy of other species. Of the remaining 630 species, 111 are restricted to Mexico and Central America, and 519 are native to the flora area. This last number falls 114 species short of the 634 native species that I recognize in the flora area. Since Rollins’s account, 50 species were added to the flora in the past 15 years. Of these, 35 species were described as new, ten were added as native but previously overlooked or misidentified, and five have since become naturalized. Additionally, 72 species recognized in this treatment were treated by Rollins as either synonyms or infraspecific taxa of other species. The generic placement of 158 species in this account differs drastically from that in Rollins, though most of the changes involve the transfer of most of his species of Arabis to Boechera (59 spp.) and of Lesquerella to Physaria (54 spp.). The generic circumscriptions adopted herein are fully compatible with the rapidly accumulating wealth of molecular data, and all genera recognized here are monophyletic. Some examples demonstrate the differences between the two treatments. Arabis, in the sense of Rollins, included 80 species and 64 varieties; in this account, those 144 taxa are assigned to six genera in five tribes: Arabidopsis (2 spp.; tribe Camelineae), Arabis (16 spp.; tribe Arabideae), Boechera (109 spp.; tribe Boechereae), Pennellia (2 spp.; tribe Halimolobeae), Streptanthus (1 sp.; tribe Thelypodieae), and Turritis (1 sp.; tribe Camelineae). A similar division involves Thlaspi, a genus recognized by Rollins to include nine species, of which two are retained here in Thlaspi (tribe Thlaspideae), one is placed in Microthlaspi, and three in Noccaea (both in tribe Noccaeeae), two are reduced to synonymy of the latter genus, and one species of Noccaea is endemic to Mexico. Lepidium in this treatment includes Rollins’s Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia; Hesperidanthus includes his Caulostramina, Glaucocarpum, and Schoenocrambe (excluding its type).

The Brassicaceae include important crop plants that are grown as vegetables (e.g., Brassica, Eruca, Lepidium, Nasturtium, Raphanus) and condiments (Armoracia, Brassica, Eutrema, Sinapis). Vegetable oils of some species of Brassica, including B. napus (canola), probably rank first in terms of the world’s tonnage production. The Eurasian weed Arabidopsis thaliana (thale or mouse-ear cress) has become the model organism in experimental and molecular biology. The family also includes ornamentals in the genera Aethionema, Alyssum, Arabis, Aubrieta, Aurinia, Erysimum, Hesperis, Iberis, Lobularia, Lunaria, Malcolmia, and Matthiola. Finally, the flora includes 106 species of weeds from southwest Asia and Europe (R. C. Rollins and I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1986), of which 11 species of Lepidium have become noxious weeds in western North America.

The Brassicaceae have been regarded as a natural group for over 250 years, beginning with their treatment by Linnaeus in 1753 as the "Klass" Tetradynamia. More recently and based on a limited sampling of genera, W. S. Judd et al. (1994) recommended that the Brassicaceae and Capparaceae (including Cleomaceae) be united into one family, Brassicaceae. Molecular studies (J. C. Hall et al. 2002) suggested that three closely related families be recognized, with Brassicaceae sister to Cleomaceae, and both sister to Capparaceae. All three families have consistently been placed in one order (e.g., Capparales or Brassicales) by A. Cronquist (1988), A. L. Takhtajan (1997), and J. E. Rodman et al. (1996, 1998), as well as by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/). Brassicales includes families uniquely containing glucosinolates (mustard-oil glucosides), myrosin cells, racemose inflorescences, superior ovaries, often-clawed petals, and a suite of other characteristics (see the APG website).

Tribal classification of Brassicaceae has been subject to controversy. O. E. Schulz’s (1936) classification has been used for over 70 years, though many botanists (e.g., E. Janchen 1942; I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1984; M. Koch et al. 1999; O. Appel and Al-Shehbaz 2003; Koch et al. 2003; M. A. Beilstein et al. 2006; Al-Shehbaz et al. 2006) amply demonstrated the artificiality of that system. Schulz divided the family into 19 tribes and 30 subtribes based on characters (e.g., fruit length-to-width ratio, compression, dehiscence; cotyledonary position; sepal orientation) that exhibit tremendous convergence throughout the family. Of these, only the tribe Brassiceae was previously shown to be monophyletic.

Several molecular studies (e.g., R. A. Price et al. 1994; J. C. Hall et al. 2002; M. Koch 2003; T. Mitchell-Olds et al. 2005; C. D. Bailey et al. 2006; M. A. Beilstein et al. 2006, 2008) have demonstrated that the Brassicaceae are split into two major clades: the Mediterranean-Southwest Asian Aethionema and its sister clade that includes the rest of the family. Although Beilstein et al. showed that the family, excluding Aethionema, is divided into three major clades, such subdivision was based on only ca. 30% of the total number of genera. These three major clades still hold when nearly all genera of the family are investigated (S. I. Warwick et al., unpubl.).

Tribal assignments in the flora area are based on critical evaluation of morphology in connection with all published molecular data. To date, about 230 of the 338 genera of the family are placed in 35 tribes, including all large genera, which account for over 70% of the total species. Most of the remaining 108 genera would likely be assigned to the 35 tribes, be placed in new, smaller tribes, or be reduced to synonymy of larger genera. The delimitation of tribes for the flora area follows I. A. Al-Shehbaz et al. (2006), Al-Shehbaz and S. I. Warwick (2007), and D. A. German and Al-Shehbaz (2008) and differs from that of O. E. Schulz (1936) and the subsequent adjustments proposed by E. Janchen (1942) and Al-Shehbaz (1984, 1985, 1985b, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1988b, 1988c). Some of the tribes (e.g., Brassiceae and Lepidieae) are easily distinguished by relatively few characters; others (e.g., Arabideae, Camelineae, and Thelypodieae) are more difficult to separate unless a larger suite of characters is used. Because of the incomplete molecular knowledge on all genera of the family, the tribes, their genera, and species are listed herein alphabetically. Both R. C. Rollins (1993) and O. Appel and Al-Shehbaz (2003) arranged the genera alphabetically throughout, and the only difference in this account is the placement together of closely related genera within well-established monophyletic tribes.

Morphological data alone are sometimes unreliable in establishing phylogenetic relationships within Brassicaceae. Convergence is common throughout the family, and almost all morphological characters, especially of the fruits and embryos, which are quite heavily utilized in the delimitation of the genera and tribes, evolved independently. For example, rare character states, such as the spirolobal cotyledons, are known in at least three genera of three tribes (Bunias, Buniadeae; Erucaria, Brassiceae; Heliophila, Heliophileae), and lianas evolved independently in the South American Cremolobus (Cremolobeae), the South African Heliophila, and the Australian Lepidium (Lepidieae). Similarly, the reduction of chromosome number in the family to n = 4 occurred independently in two species of the Australian Stenopetalum and in at least 11 species of the North American Physaria. Other character states (e.g., zygomorphy, apetaly, reduction of stamen number to four, connation of median filaments, etc.) also evolved independently. Reexamination of morphology in light of molecular data is essential in order to understand the role of homoplasy and the evolution of various character states.

The literature on chromosome numbers of Brassicaceae is rather extensive, and rarely is an individual work cited herein in that regard. Instead, the recently compiled cytological data for the entire family (S. I. Warwick and I. A. Al-Shehbaz 2006) are consulted for all species.

Because the size of ovules is relatively small, it is very difficult to determine the number of ovules per ovary. The number of ovules per ovary is based on the sum of mature seeds and aborted ovules in the fruit. The length of style and type of stigma are also taken from the fruits, and the length of fruiting pedicels is measured from several proximal pedicles of the infructescence. Elevation ranges are normally given for a taxon; unfortunately, the range is not known for some taxa.

Generic delimitation in Brassicaceae is often difficult because most genera are distinguished primarily by fruit characters. The following artificial keys emphasize either flowering or fruiting characters, and the most reliable identification of a given plant to a genus can be achieved when specimens have both flowers and fruits, and when both keys are successfully used to identify it to the same genus. The keys are based on species rather than generic descriptions so that all of the morphological manifestations in a given genus are covered and, therefore, a genus may appear multiple times within one of the first four key groups. For example, genera with highly diversified vegetative and floral morphology (e.g., Cardamine, Caulanthus, Lepidium, and Streptanthus) appear in the keys to groups multiple times. Because of such coverage, keys to flowering material incorporate characteristics of a species, or groups of species, rather than of genera. Leads marked ( ¤) in keys for groups 1-4 indicate that mature fruits and seeds are needed for the identification of genera in their subordinate couplet(s).

SELECTED REFERENCES Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1977. Protogyny in the Cruciferae. Syst. Bot. 2: 327-333. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1984. The tribes of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 343-373. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1985. The genera of Brassiceae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 279-351. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1985b. The genera of Thelypodieae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 95-111. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1986. The genera of Lepidieae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 67: 265-311. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1987. The genera of Alysseae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 185-240. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1988. The genera of Arabideae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 69: 85-166. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1988b. The genera of Anchonieae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 69: 193-212. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1988c. The genera of Sisymbrieae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 69: 213-237. Al-Shehbaz, I. A., M. A. Beilstein, and E. A. Kellogg. 2006. Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): An overview. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259: 89-120. Al-Shehbaz, I. A., S. L. O’Kane, and R. A. Price. 1999. Generic placement of species excluded from Arabidopsis. Novon 9: 296-307. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. and S. I. Warwick. 2007. Two new tribes (Dontostemoneae and Malcolmieae) in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Harvard Pap. Bot. 12: 429-433. Appel, O. and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2003. Cruciferae. In: K. Kubitzki et al., eds. 1990+. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. 9+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 5, pp. 75-174. Bailey, C. D. et al. 2006. Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Molec. Biol. Evol. 23: 2142-2160. Bailey, C. D., R. A. Price, and J. J. Doyle. 2002. Systematics of the halimolobine Brassicaceae: Evidence from three loci and morphology. Syst. Bot. 27: 318-332. Bailey, C. D., I. A. Al-Shehbaz, and G. Rajanikanth. 2007. Generic limits in the tribe Halimolobeae and the description of the new genus Exhalimolobos (Brassicaceae). Syst. Bot. 32: 140-156. Beilstein, M. A., I. A. Al-Shehbaz, and E. A. Kellogg. 2006. Brassicaceae phylogeny and trichome evolution. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 607-619. Beilstein, M. A., I. A. Al-Shehbaz, S. Mathews, and E. A. Kellogg. 2008. Brassicaceae phylogeny inferred from phytochrome A and ndhF sequence data: Tribes and trichomes revisited. Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1307-1327. Bowman, J. L. 2006. Molecules and morphology: Comparative developmental genetics of the Brassicaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259: 199-215. German, D. A. and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2008. Five additional tribes (Aphragmeae, Biscutelleae, Calepineae, Conringieae, and Erysimeae) in the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Harvard Pap. Bot. 13: 165-170. Hall, J. C., K. J. Sytsma, and H. H. Iltis. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1826-1842. Hauser, L. A. and T. J. Crovello. 1982. Numerical analysis of generic relationships in Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae). Syst. Bot. 7: 249-268. Janchen, E. 1942. Das System der Cruciferen. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91: 1-18. Koch, M. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics, evolution and population biology in Brassicaceae. In: A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma, eds. 2003+. Plant Genome: Biodiversity and Evolution. 2+ vols. in parts. Enfield, N. H. Vol. 1, part A, pp. 1-35. Koch, M. et al. 1999b. Molecular systematics of Arabidopsis and Arabis. Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 1: 529-537. Koch, M. et al. 2003b. Molecular systematics, evolution, and population biology in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 151-171. Koch, M., B. Haubold, and T. Mitchell-Olds. 2000. Comparative analysis of chalcone synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase loci in Arabidopsis, Arabis and related genera (Brassicaceae). Molec. Biol. Evol. 17: 1483-1498. Koch, M., B. Haubold, and T. Mitchell-Olds. 2001. Molecular systematics of the Brassicaceae: Evidence from coding plastidic matK and nuclear Chs sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 534-544. Lysak, M. A. and C. Lexer. 2006. Towards the era of comparative evolutionary genomics in Brassicaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259: 175-198. Mitchell-Olds, T., I. A. Al-Shehbaz, M. Koch, and T. F. Sharbel. 2005. Crucifer evolution in the post-genomic era. In: R. J. Henry, ed. 2005. Plant Diversity and Evolution: Genotypic and Phenotypic Variation in Higher Plants. Wallingford and Cambridge, Mass. Pp. 119-137. Payson, E. B. 1923. A monographic study of Thelypodium and its immediate allies. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9: 233-324. Rollins, R. C. 1993. The Cruciferae of Continental North America: Systematics of the Mustard Family from the Arctic to Panama. Stanford. Rollins R. C. and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1986. Weeds of south-west Asia in North America with special reference to the Cruciferae. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, B 89: 289-299. Rollins, R. C. and U. C. Banerjee. 1976. Trichomes in studies of the Cruciferae. In: J. G. Vaughn et al., eds. 1976. The Biology and Chemistry of the Cruciferae. London and New York. Pp. 145-166. Rollins, R. C. and U. C. Banerjee. 1979. Pollen of the Cruciferae. Publ. Bussey Inst. Harvard Univ. 1979: 33-64. Sabourin, A. et al. 1991. Guide des Cruciféres Sauvages de l’Est du Canada (Québec, Ontario et Maritimes). Montréal. Schulz, O. E. 1936. Cruciferae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. ....., ed. 2. 26+ vols. Leipzig and Berlin. Vol. 17b, pp. 227-658. Warwick, S. I. et al. 2006. Phylogenetic position of Arabis arenicola and generic limits of Eutrema and Aphragmus (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canad. J. Bot. 84: 269-281. Warwick, S. I. et al. 2006b. Brassicaceae: Species checklist and database on CD-ROM. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259: 249-258. Warwick, S. I. and L. D. Black. 1991. Molecular systematics of Brassica and allied genera (subtribe Brassicinae, Brassiceae)—Chloroplast genome and cytodeme congruence. Theor. Appl. Genet. 82: 81-92. Warwick, S. I. and L. D. Black. 1993. Molecular relationships in subtribe Brassicinae (Cruciferae, tribe Brassiceae). Canad. J. Bot. 71: 906-918. Warwick, S. I. and C. A. Sauder. 2005. Phylogeny of tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast restriction site polymorphisms and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Canad. J. Bot. 83: 467-483. Warwick, S. I., C. A. Sauder, and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Canad. J. Bot. 86: 315-336. Warwick, S. I., C. A. Sauder, I. A. Al-Shehbaz, and F. Jacquemoud. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships in the tribes Anchonieae, Chorisporeae, Euclidieae, and Hesperideae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 56 -78.


Key to Genera of Group 8

1 Plants scapose; cauline leaves absent   (2)
+ Plants not scapose; at least 1 cauline leaf present   (5)
       
2 (1) Fruits (some or all) on solitary pedicels (from basal rosettes); seeds winged or margined.   42 Leavenworthia (in part), p. 485
+ Fruits in corymbs or racemes; seeds not winged, not margined   (3)
       
3 (2) Annuals or, rarely, perennials; cotyledons conduplicate; seeds 20-36 per fruit; petals yellow.   22 Diplotaxis (in part), p. 432
+ Perennials (cespitose); cotyledons accumbent; seeds 8-20 per fruit; petals white, lavender, or purple   (4)
       
4 (3) Stigmas entire; plants eglandular.   40 Cardamine (in part), p. 464
+ Stigmas lobed (lobes prominent, decurrent); plants with multicellular glandular papillae or tubercles (except Parrya arctica).   49 Parrya (in part), p. 511
       
5 (1) Fruits indehiscent or breaking into 1-seeded segments   (6)
+ Fruits dehiscent, more than 1-seeded   (9)
       
6 (5) Plants with multicellular glandular papillae or tubercles.   48 Chorispora, p. 510
+ Plants eglandular   (7)
       
7 (6) Fruits not segmented, 1-seeded (samaroid).   66 Isatis (in part), p. 567
+ Fruits segmented, usually more than 1-seeded   (8)
       
8 (7) Styles obsolete; cotyledons accumbent; petal veins not darker than rest of blade; plants glabrous; beaches and strands.   18 Cakile (in part), p. 424
+ Styles 1-5 mm; cotyledons conduplicate; petal veins darker than rest of blade; plants pubescent; inland.   27 Raphanus, p. 438
       
9 (5) Fruits usually segmented, if unsegmented (Orychophragmus), stigma lobes decurrent and petiole bases strongly auriculate; cotyledons conduplicate   (10)
+ Fruits unsegmented; cotyledons incumbent or accumbent   (18)
       
10 (9) Cauline leaf blade bases auriculate to amplexicaul   (11)
+ Cauline leaf blade bases neither auriculate nor amplexicaul   (12)
       
11 (10) Fruits segmented; stigmas entire or lobes not decurrent; seeds globose.   17 Brassica (in part), p. 419
+ Fruits unsegmented; stigmas lobed, lobes decurrent; seeds oblong.   26 Orychophragmus, p. 437
       
12 (10) Seeds biseriate   (13)
+ Seeds uniseriate   (14)
       
13 (12) Terminal fruit segments beaklike, not ensiform; petals veins same color as blade.   22 Diplotaxis (in part), p. 432
+ Terminal fruit segments ensiform; petal veins darker than rest of blade.   23 Eruca, p. 434
       
14 (12) Fruit valves each prominently 3-7-veined   (15)
+ Fruit valves each obscurely veined or midvein prominent   (16)
       
15 (14) Fruits (30-)40-150-seeded; sepals erect.   20 Coincya, p. 429
+ Fruits 4-16(-24)-seeded; sepals spreading or reflexed.   29 Sinapis, p. 441
       
16 (14) Racemes bracteate throughout or at least basally.   24 Erucastrum, p. 435
+ Racemes ebracteate   (17)
       
17 (16) Fruit valves each prominently 1-veined; fruits divaricate to erect, if appressed to rachises, terminal segments seedless.   17 Brassica (in part), p. 419
+ Fruit valves obscurely 3-7-veined; fruits erect, appressed to rachises, terminal segments 1- or 2-seeded.   25 Hirschfeldia, p. 436
       
18 (9) Fruits latiseptate   (19)
+ Fruits terete or 4-angled   (33)
       
19 (18) Replums strongly flattened; fruit valves dehiscing elastically, becoming spirally or circinately coiled.   40 Cardamine (in part), p. 464
+ Replums terete; fruit valves neither dehiscing elastically nor coiled   (20)
       
20 (19) Seeds winged at least distally   (21)
+ Seeds not winged   (27)
       
21 (20) Cotyledons incumbent   (22)
+ Cotyledons accumbent   (23)
       
22 (21) Fruits erect; cauline leaf blade margins entire.   88 Sibaropsis, p. 694
+ Fruits reflexed; cauline leaf blade margins dentate or pinnatifid.   90 Streptanthella, p. 699
       
23 (21) Cauline leaf blade margins pinnatifid to pinnatisect into dentate lobes.   44 Planodes, p. 492
+ Cauline leaf blade margins sometimes entire or dentate   (24)
       
24 (23) Stigmas usually prominently 2-lobed, if entire, stamens in 3 pairs of unequal length and/or calyces urceolate.   91 Streptanthus (in part), p. 700
+ Stigmas entire, stamens tetradynamous, calyces not urceolate   (25)
       
25 (24) Cauline leaf blade bases not auriculate or sagittate.   11 Boechera (in part), p. 348
+ Cauline leaf blade bases auriculate or sagittate   (26)
       
26 (25) Seeds 10-28 per fruit; fruits 6-11.7 cm.   11 Boechera (in part), p. 348
+ Seeds 50-86 per fruit; fruits 1.5-4.7 cm; (Texas).   85 Dryopetalon (in part), p. 688
       
27 (20) Cauline leaf blade margins pectinate (lobes filiform).   87 Sibara (in part), p. 692
+ Cauline leaf blade margins not pectinate, entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed   (28)
       
28 (27) Plants tomentose; gynophores 10-20 mm.   89 Stanleya (in part), p. 695
+ Plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent; gynophores (0-)0.1-11 (-16 sometimes in Warea) mm   (29)
       
29 (28) Leaf blade margins dentate or pinnately lobed   (30)
+ Leaf blade margins entire in distalmost leaves   (31)
       
30 (29) Cauline leaves sessile, blade bases auriculate or amplexicaul; petals yellow.   39 Barbarea (in part), p. 460
+ Cauline leaves petiolate, blade bases neither auriculate nor amplexicaul; petals white, lavender, or purple.   93 Thelypodium (in part), p. 728
       
31 (29) Perennials; septums absent; cotyledons incumbent.   5 Aphragmus (in part), p. 256
+ Annuals, biennials, or, rarely, perennials; septums complete; cotyledons accumbent   (32)
       
32 (31) Gynophores 0.1-3 mm; seeds smooth or minutely reticulate; stamens in 3 pairs of unequal length; California.   91 Streptanthus (in part), p. 700
+ Gynophores 3-16 mm; seeds concentrically striate; stamens subequal; se United States.   95 Warea, p. 742
       
33 (18) Cauline leaves pinnately compound; stems rooting from proximal nodes.   43 Nasturtium, p. 489
+ Cauline leaves simple, sometime pinnately lobed; stems not rooting from proximal nodes (except some Rorippa)   (34)
       
34 (33) Fruits with septums partitioned between seeds; cauline leaves with strongly auriculate petioles.   84 Coelophragmus, p. 687
+ Fruits with septums not partitioned between seeds; cauline leaves either sessile or petioles not auriculate   (35)
       
35 (34) Cauline leaf blade bases auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaul   (36)
+ Cauline leaf blade bases not auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaul   (46)
       
36 (35) Stigmas prominently 2-lobed   (37)
+ Stigmas usually entire, rarely obscurely 2-lobed   (38)
       
37 (36) Fruits sessile or subsessile; petal margins often crisped.   82 Caulanthus (in part), p. 677
+ Fruits usually on gynophores (1.5-)3-9.5 mm, if gynophores shorter, styles clavate; petal margins seldom crisped.   92 Thelypodiopsis (in part), p. 723
       
38 (36) Gynophores (6-)10-25 mm.   89 Stanleya (in part), p. 695
+ Gynophores 0-5 mm, if longer, petals purple   (39)
       
39 (38) Cauline leaf blade margins dentate, serrate, or pinnately lobed   (40)
+ Cauline leaf blade margins entire or repand   (43)
       
40 (39) Seeds biseriate, colliculate or foveolate.   45 Rorippa (in part), p. 493
+ Seeds uniseriate, reticulate or papillate   (41)
       
41 (40) Annuals; cotyledons incumbent; petal margins often crisped.   82 Caulanthus (in part), p. 677
+ Biennials or perennials; cotyledons accumbent; petal margins not crisped   (42)
       
42 (41) Stems angled; petals yellow; nectar glands separate (4).   39 Barbarea (in part), p. 460
+ Stems not angled; petals purple, pink, or white; nectar glands confluent.   41 Iodanthus, p. 484
       
43 (39) Fruits 4-angled; seeds papillose, mucilaginous when wetted.   51 Conringia, p. 517
+ Fruits terete; seeds reticulate, not mucilaginous when wetted   (44)
       
44 (43) Gynophores (0.5-)1-6(-8.5) mm; anthers (1-)1.5-6 mm, often coiled after dehiscence.   93 Thelypodium (in part), p. 728
+ Gynophores 0-0.4 mm; anthers 0.2-4 mm, not coiled after dehiscence   (45)
       
45 (44) Stigmas entire; cauline leaf blade bases sagittate- amplexicaul.   59 Eutrema (in part), p. 555
+ Stigmas 2-lobed; cauline leaf blade bases auriculate.   92 Thelypodiopsis (in part), p. 723
       
46 (35) Stigmas 2-lobed   (47)
+ Stigmas entire   (49)
       
47 (46) Fruit valves each distinctly 3-veined; petals yellow.   80 Sisymbrium, p. 667
+ Fruit valves each with only midvein distinct; petals purple or white with purple veins   (48)
       
48 (47) Lateral sepals not saccate, median sepals not cucullate.   82 Caulanthus (in part), p. 677
+ Lateral sepals saccate, median sepals cucullate.   86 Hesperidanthus (in part), p. 689
       
49 (46) Gynophores (0.5-)1.5-28 mm; anthers coiled after dehiscence   (50)
+ Gynophores 0-1 mm; anthers not coiled after dehiscence   (52)
       
50 (49) Petals yellow, claws and/or filaments pubescent or papillate; sepals spreading to reflexed.   89 Stanleya (in part), p. 695
+ Petals white, lavender, or purple, claws and filaments glabrous; sepals erect or ascending   (51)
       
51 (50) Perennials; cauline leaf blades often hastate, margins entire; petal claws dentate or incised.   83 Chlorocrambe, p. 685
+ Biennials; cauline leaf blades linear, lanceolate, or oblong, margins entire, laciniate, or dentate; petal claws entire.   93 Thelypodium (in part), p. 728
       
52 (49) Perennials (with caudex)   (53)
+ Annuals or, rarely, biennials   (55)
       
53 (52) Seeds usually 16-110 per fruit (as few as 8 in Hesperidanthus suffrutescens); petals usually yellow, purple, or lavender, rarely white with purple veins.   86 Hesperidanthus (in part), p. 689
+ Seeds 6-12(-14) per fruit; petals white without purple veins   (54)
       
54 (53) Leaf blades rigid, ciliate; fruit valves each with obscure midvein.   13 Nevada, p. 414
+ Leaf blades not rigid, glabrous; fruit valves each with prominent midvein.   59 Eutrema (in part), p. 555
       
55 (52) Seeds dark brown or black, longitudinally striate; fruiting pedicels as broad as fruit.   96 Alliaria, p. 744
+ Seeds yellow or reddish brown, sculptured, not striate; fruiting pedicels usually narrower than, rarely as broad as, fruit   (56)
       
56 (55) Petals pinnatifid; filaments and petal claws papillate basally.   85 Dryopetalon (in part), p. 688
+ Petals entire; filaments and petal claws not papillate basally   (57)
       
57 (56) Seeds biseriate; cotyledons accumbent.   45 Rorippa (in part), p. 493
+ Seeds uniseriate; cotyledons incumbent.   82 Caulanthus (in part), p. 677

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