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FOC | Family List | FOC Vol. 19 | Campanulaceae

3. Codonopsis Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 103. 1824.

党参属 dang shen shu

Authors: Deyuan Hong, Thomas G. Lammers & Laura L. Klein

Codonopsis tubulosa

Credit: Harvard University Herbaria

Glosocomia D. Don.

Herbs, perennial, often fetid. Roots thickened, carrot-shaped, fusiform, or tuberous, mostly fleshy, rarely lignified. Stems erect, ascending, climbing, procumbent, or twining. Leaves alternate, opposite, or fascicled (pseudoverticillate). Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, sometimes opposite to leaves, rarely axillary. Calyx tube variously adnate to ovary, often 10-ribbed; lobes 5. Corolla epigynous, 5-lobed for less than 1/2 its length and campanulate, funnelform, or tubular, or 5-fid for more than 3/4 its length and rotate, various shades of purple and blue, yellow, green, or white. Stamens 5; filaments often dilated at base, glabrous or hairy, rarely alternating with lamellar glands; anthers basifixed, connective glabrous or setose. Ovary inferior or at least inferior to corolla, 3-locular; ovules numerous; style glabrous or hairy; stigma usually 3-fid, lobes broad. Fruit with persistent calyx, an ovoid or obconic loculicidal capsule. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, oblong, or globose, winged or wingless, smooth, faintly striate, or reticulate; embryo straight, embedded in copious endosperm.

Forty-two species: C, E, and S Asia; 40 species (24 endemic) in China.


1 Plants usually not fetid; fruit an obconic capsule, dehiscent apex relatively short; seed testa smooth or finely striate   (2)
+ Plants commonly fetid; fruit an ovoid capsule, dehiscent apex elongate; seeds reticulate (1. C. subg. Codonopsis)   (6)
       
2 (1) Corolla campanulate, lobed for less than 1/2 its length (2. C. subg. Obconicapsula).   36 C. dicentrifolia
+ Corolla rotate, divided for more than 3/4 its length (3. C. subg. Pseudocodonopsis)   (3)
       
3 (2) Stem erect or procumbent, scapiform; leaves rosulate.   37 C. rosulata
+ Stem twining or suberect; leaves opposite or alternate, not rosulate   (4)
       
4 (3) Stem usually more than 1 m, twining and leafy throughout.   39 C. convolvulacea
+ Stem usually less than 1 m, erect or twining only at apex; leaves mostly aggregated toward stem base   (5)
       
5 (4) Stem and adaxial surface of leaves hirsute; leaves ovate, serrate.   38 C. hirsuta
+ Stem and leaves glabrous; leaves linear, entire.   40 C. graminifolia
       
6 (1) Stem twining, leafy throughout, often over 1 m (C. sect. Codonopsis)   (7)
+ Stems erect or ascending (sometimes climbing or procumbent but not twining), often scapiform, less than 1 m tall (C. sect. Erectae)   (21)
       
7 (6) Leaves pseudoverticillate, in fascicles of 3 or 4 at apex of lateral branches   (8)
+ Leaves alternate or opposite, not pseudoverticillate   (9)
       
8 (7) Roots usually fusiform; leaf apex acute; calyx lobes 2-3 cm; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm; seeds winged.   1 C. lanceolata
+ Roots tuberous; leaf apex obtuse; calyx lobes 1-1.5 cm; corolla 2-2.5 cm; seeds terete.   2 C. ussuriensis
       
9 (7) Corolla tubular   (10)
+ Corolla campanulate, globose-campanulate, or tubular-campanulate   (11)
       
10 (9) Leaves deeply incised, large serrate, base cordate to broadly cuneate.   14 C. deltoidea
+ Leaves shallowly incised, serrate, or subentire, base cuneate to rounded.   15 C. tubulosa
       
11 (9) Calyx lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, well separated, 10-20 × 2-3 mm, length/width ratio > 5.   8 C. viridis
+ Calyx lobes wider, proximate, length/width ratio < 3   (12)
       
12 (11) Calyx ± pubescent   (13)
+ Calyx glabrous   (14)
       
13 (12) Leaves less than 3 × 3 cm; calyx tube hirsute, lobes ovate-orbicular or rhombic-ovate, dentate and hirsute; corolla globose-campanulate.   6 C. subglobosa
+ Leaves much more than 3 × 3 cm; calyx tube sparsely hairy, lobes narrowly oblong or lanceolate, subentire, densely puberulent; corolla broadly campanulate.   7 C. affinis
       
14 (12) Lower leaves cordate, truncate, or rounded at base   (15)
+ Lower cauline leaves cuneate or rounded (occasionally cordate) at base   (17)
       
15 (14) Stem almost simple; leaves subentire or slightly sinuous on margins.   3 C. cordifolioidea
+ Stem branched; leaves serrate on margins   (16)
       
16 (15) Corolla large, more than 1.5 × 1.7 cm, usually longer than calyx lobes.   4 C. pilosula
+ Corolla small, less than 1 × 1.5 cm, shorter than or subequal to calyx lobes.   5 C. micrantha
       
17 (14) Stems and leaves glabrous; leaves entire   (18)
+ Stems and leaves ± hairy; leaves crenulate or serrate on margins   (19)
       
18 (17) Leaves 0.5-2 × 0.5-1.5 cm, apex acute or obtuse.   9 C. farreri
+ Leaves 6-7 × 2-2.5 cm, apex shortly acuminate.   10 C. rotundifolia
       
19 (17) Calyx lobes ciliate, reflexed.   11 C. henryi
+ Calyx lobes glabrous, not reflexed   (20)
       
20 (19) Leaf blade 3-15 × 1-7 cm, apex acuminate.   12 C. levicalyx
+ Leaf blade up to 2.3 × 1.7 cm, apex rounded or acute.   13 C. kawakamii
       
21 (6) Stems without branches like pinnate leaves and usually sterile   (22)
+ Stems with branches like pinnate leaves and usually sterile   (29)
       
22 (21) Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate; filaments villous; stems mostly procumbent or climbing   (23)
+ Corolla campanulate; filaments not villous; stems mostly erect or scapiform   (24)
       
23 (22) Corolla 2-4 cm, yellow-green, base shaded brown-red, glabrous.   16 C. benthamii
+ Corolla only ca. 1.7 cm, yellowish, with purple-blue spots, densely puberulent outside.   17 C. pianmaensis
       
24 (22) Leaves located at lower part of stems, main stems scapiform   (25)
+ Leaves evenly arranged on main stems, not scapiform   (26)
       
25 (24) Petiole 2-7 cm, leaf blade 2-13 × 1.5-5 cm; main stem with 1-4 flowers; calyx lobes 5-7 × ca. 3 mm, with sinus between them broad and obtuse; corolla less than 1.5 cm wide.   19 C. subscaposa
+ Petiole less than 1 cm, leaf blade 5-8 × 1.5-3 cm; main stem with 1 or 2 flowers; calyx lobes 8-12 × 4-6 mm, with sinus between them narrow; corolla up to 3 cm wide.   20 C. meleagris
       
26 (24) Leaves opposite; plants glabrous throughout.   21 C. purpurea
+ Leaves alternate   (27)
       
27 (26) Plants ± hairy; corolla less than 2 cm.   18 C. subsimplex
+ Plants glabrous; corolla more than 3.5 cm   (28)
       
28 (27) Leaves lanceolate, 1.5-6.5 cm, entire; calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 18-20 × 2-3 mm.   23 C. gombalana
+ Leaves broadly lanceolate, 5-14 × 3-7 cm, serrate; calyx lobes 20-30 × 6-10 mm.   24 C. chimiliensis
       
29 (21) Veins on leaves conspicuous, leaf margins revolute forming thick periphery   (30)
+ Veins on leaves inconspicuous, leaf margins not revolute   (35)
       
30 (29) Corolla broadly tubular, ca. 1.2 cm; lower slender branches sometimes fertile.   35 C. bhutanica
+ Corolla campanulate, more than 1.5 cm; lower slender branches sterile   (31)
       
31 (30) Leaves subentire; flowers entirely glabrous   (32)
+ Leaves crenulate; flowers ± hairy on some parts   (33)
       
32 (31) Leaves not more than 1.8 × 1.5 cm, sparsely puberulent abaxially; corolla purple-green, with purple veins.   30 C. alpina
+ Leaves up to 3.2 × 2.6 cm, glabrous on both surfaces; corolla pale blue, with red-brown spots inside.   31 C. cardiophylla
       
33 (31) Calyx lobes 5-7 × 2-3 mm, with sinus between them broad and obtuse.   34 C. chlorocodon
+ Calyx lobes more than 10 mm, with sinus between them narrow and acute   (34)
       
34 (33) Corolla glabrous throughout; calyx tube mostly glabrous, lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadest at middle, hispidulous only at apex outside.   32 C. viridiflora
+ Corolla villous inside; calyx tube mostly hairy, lobes narrowly triangular, broadest at base, mostly entirely hispidulous.   33 C. tsinlingensis
       
35 (29) Corolla tubular or tubular-campanulate, at least lower part tubular   (36)
+ Corolla broadly campanulate   (37)
       
36 (35) Corolla tubular; connective setose.   25 C. thalictrifolia
+ Corolla tubular-campanulate, lower half tubular but abruptly expanded at middle; connective glabrous.   26 C. bulleyana
       
37 (35) Plants white with dense white hairs; leaf blade less than 1.5 × 1 cm.   28 C. canescens
+ Plants green with sparse hairs; leaf blade usually larger   (38)
       
38 (37) Calyx lobes 15-20 × 6-8 mm, hairy only at apex; leaf blades 1-5 × 0.8-3.2 cm.   22 C. clematidea
+ Calyx lobes much smaller, hairy throughout; leaf blades mostly smaller   (39)
       
39 (38) Corolla villous both inside and outside.   29 C. argentea
+ Corolla glabrous or hairy only toward lobes outside.   27 C. foetens

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