| 1 |
Plants with a horizontal, vertical, or oblique rhizome |
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(2) |
| + |
Plants without rhizomes but with a taproot |
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(9) |
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| 2 (1) |
Leaf blade of at least some leaves pinnately lobed, otherwise stem leafless; stem leafless or leafy |
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(3) |
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Leaf blade not divided and stem always leafy |
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(6) |
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| 3 (2) |
Stem leafless or almost so |
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(4) |
| + |
Stem leafy with leaves ± clasping stem |
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(5) |
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| 4 (3) |
Phyllaries abaxially densely with white arachnoid hairs, and stiff, greenish, glandular hairs along midvein; anther tube 1-2 mm. |
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1 C. multicaulis |
| + |
Phyllaries abaxially sparsely with white arachnoid hairs, and with blackish glandular hairs along midvein; anther tube 2-3 mm. |
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2 C. elongata |
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| 5 (3) |
Involucre 7-9 mm, abaxially with short blackish glandular hairs and often with setaceous simple hairs; achene 3.5-4 mm. |
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3 C. lyrata |
| + |
Involucre 10-13 mm, abaxially glabrous or sparsely white hairy (especially at apex) or with black long simple hairs on midvein; achene 4-6 mm. |
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6 C. coreana |
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| 6 (2) |
Involucre 1.4-1.6 cm or longer |
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(7) |
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Involucre 0.8-1.3 cm |
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(8) |
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| 7 (6) |
Stem especially apically with white arachnoid and with stiff subulate greenish hairs; leaf blade margin irregularly and coarsely toothed; involucre abaxially densely with pale stiff subulate hairs especially on midvein. |
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5 C. sibirica |
| + |
Stem sparsely apically arachnoid hairy and densely so under capitula, also with long dark green to blackish hairs; leaf blade margin subentire; involucre abaxially white arachnoid hairy and with dark green to blackish long hairs. |
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9 C. chrysantha |
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| 8 (6) |
Involucre 1-1.3 cm, abaxially glabrous to sparsely white hairy (especially at apex) or with black long simple hairs on midvein. |
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6 C. coreana |
| + |
Involucre 0.8-1 cm, abaxially with stipitate blackish glandular hairs on midvein. |
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17 C. shihii |
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| 9 (1) |
Synflorescence racemiform to very narrowly paniculiform with some to numerous capitula. |
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14 C. napifera |
| + |
Synflorescence of a solitary capitulum or corymbiform and of 2 to numerous capitula |
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(10) |
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| 10 (9) |
Inner phyllaries adaxially appressed hairy (as seen with a lens) |
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(11) |
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Inner phyllaries adaxially glabrous (as seen with a lens) |
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(13) |
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| 11 (10) |
Stem leafy; leaves sagittately clasping stem, margin of upper stem leaves revolute; synflorescence of some to many capitula; involucre 0.7-0.9 cm. |
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4 C. tectorum |
| + |
Stem leafless or sparsely leafy; leaves not clasping stem, margin not revolute; synflorescence of a solitary capitulum or of few capitula; involucre 0.9-1.5 cm |
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(12) |
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| 12 (11) |
Involucre 0.9-1.1 cm; phyllaries abaxially with white arachnoid hairs along midvein but without thicker yellow hairs. |
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7 C. oreades |
| + |
Involucre 1-1.5 cm; phyllaries abaxially with ± white arachnoid hairs and especially along midvein with thicker yellowish glandular or partly non-glandular hairs. |
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8 C. crocea |
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| 13 (10) |
Plants only with well-developed basal leaves or with basal leaves and lower stem leaves well developed and these larger than upper stem leaves, largest leaves oblanceolate to elliptic and 2-5 cm wide |
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(14) |
| + |
Basal leaves or lower stem leaves reduced, linear-subulate, triangular, or bractlike, middle and upper stem leaves well developed, largest stem leaves lanceolate to linear and 1-25 mm wide |
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(16) |
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| 14 (13) |
Plants subacaulescent, 3-5 cm tall. |
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18 C. tianshanica |
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Plants with well-developed stems, 20-60 cm tall |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Stems leafless or almost so with stem leaves (if present) much reduced and not clasping stem. |
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15 C. subscaposa |
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Stems with well-developed leaves clasping stem. |
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16 C. darvazica |
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| 16 (13) |
Middle and upper stem leaves lanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 0.3-2.5 cm wide. |
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10 C. phoenix |
| + |
Middle and upper stem leaves linear, 1-10 mm wide |
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(17) |
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| 17 (16) |
Leaf blade soft in texture, dark green; stems smooth and dark green; capitula with 18-30 florets. |
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11 C. bodinieri |
| + |
Leaf blade rigid in texture, usually pale yellowish green; stems angular and pale green; capitula with 7-12 florets (only exceptionally more) |
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(18) |
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| 18 (17) |
Plants sparsely to moderately and divaricately branched from base, above middle, or at apex; stem leaves to 8 cm. |
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12 C. rigescens |
| + |
Plants strongly and fastigiately branched from base or below middle; stem leaves to 3 cm. |
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13 C. lignea |
