1 |
Spikelets digitate or fasciculate on a very short rachis, or inflorescences capitate or globose |
|
(2) |
+ |
Spikelets in spikes terminating rays (rachis (0.5-)1-6 cm, usually visible, sometimes covered by bases of spikelets in pressed specimens) |
|
(31) |
|
|
|
|
2 (1) |
Inflorescences capitate or anthelate, with very short rays (rarely with 1 or 2 elongated rays) |
|
(3) |
+ |
Inflorescences anthelate, with elongate rays, sometimes with secondary (compound) and tertiary (decompound) branching |
|
(12) |
|
|
|
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3 (2) |
Spikelets 1-5-flowered, falling from rachis as a single unit while glumes remain attached to winged rachilla; culm base swollen into a bulb shape, enclosed by dark brown or brown leaf sheaths |
|
(4) |
+ |
Spikelets 3-8-flowered or more, rachilla remaining attached to rachis as glumes and nutlets fall with maturity; culm base not bulbous |
|
(6) |
|
|
|
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4 (3) |
Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes inconspicuously veined. |
|
58 C. monospermus |
+ |
Spikelets 2-5-flowered; glumes conspicuously veined |
|
(5) |
|
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|
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5 (4) |
Spikelets narrowly ovoid, 3-5-flowered; glumes broadly ovate, densely brown puncticulate, 15-17-veined; nutlet obovoid to ellipsoid. |
|
56 C. dubius |
+ |
Spikelets ovoid-ellipsoid, 2- or 3-flowered; glumes ovate, brownish to straw-colored and laxly reddish puncticulate at base and apex, 9-13-veined; nutlet oblong. |
|
57 C. hainanensis |
|
|
|
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6 (3) |
Spikelets 3- or 4-flowered; nutlet with spongy base of style extending downward along angles of nutlet. |
|
19 C. cephalotes |
+ |
Spikelets 8-flowered or more; nutlet without enlarged spongy apex |
|
(7) |
|
|
|
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7 (6) |
Culms usually tall; spikelets several to more than 20, laxly fascicled; glumes conspicuously distichous, ca. 4 mm, apex obtuse and muticous |
|
(8) |
+ |
Culms dwarf; spikelets numerous, very densely arranged; glumes spirally imbricate or obscurely distichous, ca. 2 mm, apex recurved mucronate |
|
(9) |
|
|
|
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8 (7) |
Leaves usually longer than culm; spikelets 5-8 mm, 6-10-flowered; nutlet oblong. |
|
17 C. szechuanensis |
+ |
Leaves usually shorter than culm; spikelets 7-25 mm, 8-48-flowered; nutlet obovoid. |
|
18 C. niveus |
|
|
|
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9 (7) |
Spikelets ovoid to narrowly ovoid, 3-4 × ca. 1.5 mm; glumes spirally imbricate. |
|
20 C. michelianus |
+ |
Spikelets narrowly oblong-ovoid, oblong, or rarely narrowly ovoid, 3-8 × 1.5-2 mm; glumes distichous but sometimes obscurely so |
|
(10) |
|
|
|
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10 (9) |
Spikelets very numerous, congested into capitulum, 4-5 mm; glumes oblong- lanceolate, apex slightly long mucronate; stigmas 2(or 3); nutlet narrowly oblong to oblong, nearly 3-sided. |
|
21 C. pygmaeus |
+ |
Spikelets many, congested with short or slightly elongate rays, 3-8 mm; glumes ovate or broadly ovate, apex shortly mucronate; stigmas 2; nutlet ellipsoid, plano-convex |
|
(11) |
|
|
|
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11 (10) |
Inflorescences capitate, sometimes with 1 ray to 2 cm; glumes broadly ovate, white on both surfaces or rusty brown striate; nutlet oblong. |
|
22 C. nipponicus |
+ |
Inflorescence a simple anthela, with 3-6 rays to 6 cm; glumes ovate, pale on both surfaces but medially green; nutlet ellipsoid. |
|
23 C. hilgendorfianus |
|
|
|
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12 (2) |
Nutlet lenticular, with face toward rachilla |
|
(13) |
+ |
Nutlet 3-sided (sometimes dorsiventrally compressed) |
|
(15) |
|
|
|
|
13 (12) |
Annuals; spikelets compressed, usually ca. 1.5 mm wide; glumes 1-2 mm; stamens 1 or 2, anthers ellipsoid. |
|
61 C. limosus |
+ |
Perennials; spikelets slightly turgid, (2.5-)3-5 mm wide; glumes 2.5-3 mm; stamens 3, anthers linear |
|
(14) |
|
|
|
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14 (13) |
Culms 35-100 cm tall; leaf blade 3-10 mm wide; inflorescence a simple or compound anthela, usually with long rays and 5-17 spikelets arranged into spikes. |
|
59 C. serotinus |
+ |
Culms 4-20 cm tall; leaf blade ca. 1 cm wide; inflorescences capitate, usually with 1-8 spikelets. |
|
60 C. pannonicus |
|
|
|
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15 (12) |
Perennial herbs; glumes ca. 2 mm; nutlet 0.7-1.5 mm |
|
(16) |
+ |
Annual or perennial herbs; glumes ca. 1(-1.5) mm; nutlet 0.2-0.3 mm |
|
(23) |
|
|
|
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16 (15) |
Spikelets slightly turgid; glumes 7-veined or more |
|
(17) |
+ |
Spikelets compressed; glumes 3-5-veined |
|
(19) |
|
|
|
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17 (16) |
Culms 1.5-5 cm tall; anthela rays much longer than culm. |
|
6 C. radians |
+ |
Culms 35-70 cm tall; anthela rays much shorter than culm |
|
(18) |
|
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|
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18 (17) |
Culms 3-angled but not winged; involucral bracts 6-12; inflorescence rays 6-16 cm. |
|
4 C. diffusus |
+ |
Culms 3-angled and winged; involucral bracts 3-5; inflorescence rays 2.5-5.5 cm. |
|
5 C. trialatus |
|
|
|
|
19 (16) |
Culms and rays with retrorse prickles. |
|
7 C. surinamensis |
+ |
Culms and rays smooth or with spreading or ascending prickles |
|
(20) |
|
|
|
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20 (19) |
Culms compressed triquetrous, with leaves at basal part; leafy involucral bracts 5-12, unequal in length |
|
(21) |
+ |
Culms obtusely 3-angled to subterete, with bladeless sheaths basally; leafy involucral bracts 15-20, nearly equal in length |
|
(22) |
|
|
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21 (20) |
Culms scabrid on angles; raylets present; stamens 3 per flower; nutlet compressed. |
|
3 C. platystylis |
+ |
Culms smooth; raylets absent; stamen 1 per flower; nutlet not compressed. |
|
24 C. eragrostis |
|
|
|
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22 (20) |
Involucral bracts flexuose, drooping; apex of glumes acute; nutlet not stipitate. |
|
1 C. involucratus |
+ |
Involucral bracts rigid; apex of glumes acuminate; nutlet stipitate. |
|
2 C. alternifolius |
|
|
|
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23 (15) |
Leaves very narrow, adaxially canaliculate, margin involute; glumes papery, apex truncate and with a recurved awn; nutlet oblong-obovoid to oblong |
|
(24) |
+ |
Leaves flat; glumes membranous, apex obtuse and mucronate or muticous; nutlet obovoid or ellipsoid |
|
(25) |
|
|
|
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24 (23) |
Glumes with a (0.5-)0.6-1 mm awn; nutlets 0.5-0.6 mm. |
|
15 C. cuspidatus |
+ |
Glumes with a 0.2-0.5 mm awn; nutlets 0.7-0.9 mm. |
|
16 C. castaneus |
|
|
|
|
25 (23) |
Perennials or rarely annuals; culms with few leaves or with bladeless sheaths only; stamens (1-)3; nutlet less than 1/2 as long as subtending glume |
|
(26) |
+ |
Annuals without stolons (except C. duclouxii); culms usually leafy; stamens 1 or 2(or 3); nutlet 1/2 or more as long as subtending glume |
|
(27) |
|
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26 (25) |
Leafy involucral bracts usually longer than inflorescence; glumes laxly imbricate, with recurved apex; anther apices not white setose; nutlet. 2-0.3 mm wide. |
|
13 C. tenuispica |
+ |
Leafy involucral bracts usually shorter than inflorescence; glumes densely imbricate, apex straight; anther apices white setose; nutlet 0.4-0.5 mm wide. |
|
14 C. haspan |
|
|
|
|
27 (25) |
Perennials, with stolons; culms scattered; spikelets 3-10, digitately arranged. |
|
8 C. duclouxii |
+ |
Annuals, with fibrous roots; culms tufted; spikelets many, congested into a capitulum or capitate heads |
|
(28) |
|
|
|
|
28 (27) |
Spikelets numerous, densely congested into a dense capitulum. |
|
12 C. difformis |
+ |
Spikelets (?solitary) several to more than 10, congested into a lax capitulum |
|
(29) |
|
|
|
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29 (28) |
Glumes lax, orbicular-ovate to suborbicular, spreading when mature, apex mucronate. |
|
9 C. nigrofuscus |
+ |
Glumes slightly dense, broadly ovate or compressed orbicular, not spreading at maturity, apex muticous |
|
(30) |
|
|
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30 (29) |
Spikelets ca. 1.5 mm wide; glumes broadly ovate, purplish brown to brown and yellowish green between both lateral veins. |
|
10 C. fuscus |
+ |
Spikelets ca. 1.8 mm wide; glumes ovate-lanceolate, blackish purple. |
|
11 C. nanellus |
|
|
|
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31 (1) |
Rachilla not winged or only with very narrow white hyaline margins; style short |
|
(32) |
+ |
Rachilla winged; style usually long or medium, rarely short |
|
(41) |
|
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32 (31) |
Perennials, with long stolons; spikelets slightly turgid; glumes abaxially not keeled or rarely keeled, margin involute, apex obtuse or rounded and usually muticous or rarely mucronate |
|
(33) |
+ |
Annuals, without rhizomes or stolons, with fibrous roots only; spikelets ± compressed; glumes abaxially keeled, margin not involute, apex mucronate to cuspidate |
|
(36) |
|
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33 (32) |
Culms with long sheaths at basal part, sheaths with short blade or nearly bladeless; rachis of spikes glabrous; spikelets linear; glumes elliptic to oblong. |
|
42 C. malaccensis |
+ |
Culms with long blades; rachis of spikes hispidulous, rarely glabrous; spikelets narrowly ovoid; glumes ovate or broadly ovate |
|
(34) |
|
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34 (33) |
Rachis of spikes laxly hispidulous, sometimes glabrous; spikelets ca. 3 mm wide; glumes obtuse and muticous at apex. |
|
44 C. procerus |
+ |
Rachis of spikes slightly densely hispidulous; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm wide; glumes mucronate or muticous at apex |
|
(35) |
|
|
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35 (34) |
Inflorescence a compound anthela; glumes with inconspicuous keel and not spinulose. |
|
43 C. pilosus |
+ |
Inflorescence a simple anthela; glumes with conspicuous keel and spinulose. |
|
45 C. babakan |
|
|
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36 (32) |
Dried plants with odor like curry; stamen 1; glumes 7-9-veined, apex cuspidate. |
|
53 C. squarrosus |
+ |
Dried plants odorless; stamens 3; glumes 3-7-veined, apex obtuse, mucronulate, or cuspidate |
|
(37) |
|
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37 (36) |
Rachis of spikes short; spikelets densely arranged, subcapitate; glumes densely imbricate; nutlet ca. 1/2 as long as subtending glume. |
|
50 C. compressus |
+ |
Rachis of spikes long; spikelets laxly arranged; glumes laxly imbricate; nutlet nearly as long as subtending glume |
|
(38) |
|
|
|
|
38 (37) |
Inflorescence a compound anthela; spikelets erect or obliquely spreading |
|
(39) |
+ |
Inflorescence a simple anthela; spikelets subspreading |
|
(40) |
|
|
|
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39 (38) |
Rachilla not winged; glumes retuse and very shortly mucronate at apex; successive glumes 0.7-0.9 mm apart on same side of rachilla. |
|
46 C. iria |
+ |
Rachilla wings white hyaline and narrow; glumes orbicular and slightly long mucronate at apex; successive glumes 1-1.5 mm apart on same side of rachilla. |
|
47 C. microiria |
|
|
|
|
40 (38) |
Rachis glabrous; glumes reddish brown, apex slightly excurved mucronate. |
|
48 C. amuricus |
+ |
Rachis white hispidulous on angles; glumes dark blood-red, apex rounded and muticous. |
|
49 C. orthostachyus |
|
|
|
|
41 (31) |
Mature spikelets disarticulating at base of each glume, with each nutlet clasped by rachilla wings; rachilla wings yellowish spongy. |
|
62 C. odoratus |
+ |
Mature spikelets either falling as a unit or rachilla remaining attached to rachis and glumes falling; rachilla wings hyaline and not spongy |
|
(42) |
|
|
|
|
42 (41) |
Spikes ± cylindric, with numerous spikelets |
|
(43) |
+ |
Spikes broadly ovoid, turbinate, ellipsoid, oblong, orbicular, or rarely cylindric, with up to 10 spikelets (rarely more in C. glomeratus and C. eleusinoides) |
|
(52) |
|
|
|
|
43 (42) |
Mature spikelets not deciduous with glumes and nutlets falling from rachilla |
|
(44) |
+ |
Mature spikelets deciduous and falling from rachis with glumes and nutlets attached |
|
(48) |
|
|
|
|
44 (43) |
Spikelets linear, terete or subterete; rachilla broadly winged, wings lanceolate and ± deciduous |
|
(45) |
+ |
Spikelets narrowly oblong-ovoid, compressed; rachilla narrowly winged, wings linear and persistent |
|
(46) |
|
|
|
|
45 (44) |
Spikes broadly cylindric, 1.5-2 cm wide; spikelets spreading; anther connective minute. |
|
25 C. digitatus |
+ |
Spikes narrowly cylindric, 0.8-1.2 cm wide; spikelets ascending; anther connective prominent and subulate. |
|
26 C. elatus |
|
|
|
|
46 (44) |
Spikes ± pedunculate; spikelets ± distichous, laxly arranged; anthers linear. |
|
27 C. exaltatus |
+ |
Spikes not pedunculate; spikelets in several rows, densely arranged; anthers oblong |
|
(47) |
|
|
|
|
47 (46) |
Involucral bracts 8-15; anthela with 12-15 rays; spikes 1.5-11 cm; glumes oblong-obovate, 2.2-2.5 mm, apex straight mucronate; nutlet oblong to obovoid-oblong. |
|
28 C. simaoensis |
+ |
Involucral bracts 3-5; anthela with 6-10 rays; spikes 1.5-4 cm; glumes broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, apex curved mucronate; nutlet obovoid to ellipsoid. |
|
29 C. imbricatus |
|
|
|
|
48 (43) |
Spikelets 1-3(or 4)-flowered; glumes tightly included around nutlet |
|
(49) |
+ |
Spikelets 4-10-flowered; glumes not tightly included around nutlet |
|
(50) |
|
|
|
|
49 (48) |
Spikes cylindric, (1-)2-3.5 × 0.6-1 cm, with parallel sides; anthers (0.6-)0.8-1 mm; nutlet ca. 0.5 mm wide; leaf blade margin smooth. |
|
54 C. cyperoides |
+ |
Spikes shortly cylindric, oblong, or ovoid, 1.2-1.8 × 0.8-1.2(-1.5) cm, with sides narrowed toward base; anthers 1-1.5 mm; nutlet 0.6-0.9 mm wide; leaf blade margin scabrous. |
|
55 C. cyperinus |
|
|
|
|
50 (48) |
Annuals; glumes with a recurved mucro at apex; stamens 1. |
|
53 C. squarrosus |
+ |
Perennials; glumes without mucro at apex; stamens 3 |
|
(51) |
|
|
|
|
51 (50) |
Spikelets subulate, 5-18 mm, slightly less than 1 mm wide, arranged into a globose to half-globose spike; culms and anthela rays not papillose; nutlet linear-oblong; leaf sheath purplish red. |
|
51 C. compactus |
+ |
Spikelets narrowly oblong-ovoid, 4.5-7 × 1.8-2.5 mm, arranged into a cylindric spike; culms and anthela rays papillose; nutlet broadly ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid; leaf sheath blackish brown. |
|
52 C. javanicus |
|
|
|
|
52 (42) |
Rhizomes short or surculose, without stolons or tubers; glumes laxly spreading |
|
(53) |
+ |
Rhizomes creeping or with stolons and tubers; glumes ± densely imbricate |
|
(57) |
|
|
|
|
53 (52) |
Culms slender; spikes broadly ovoid; spikelets subquadrangular, obliquely spreading to spreading at maturity; glumes ca. 4 mm. |
|
37 C. tenuiculmis |
+ |
Culms stout; spikes oblong, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, or rarely broadly ovoid; spikelets slightly compressed, suberect or rarely spreading; glumes ca. 2 mm |
|
(54) |
|
|
|
|
54 (53) |
Spikelets laxly arranged, spreading after anthesis, 0.8-4 cm × ca. 1 mm; glumes dark blood-red. |
|
38 C. distans |
+ |
Spikelets densely or very densely arranged, suberect, not spreading after anthesis, 0.4-1.1 cm × 1.5-2 mm; glumes reddish brown or yellowish brown |
|
(55) |
|
|
|
|
55 (54) |
Annuals, without rhizomes but with fibrous roots; glumes muticous at apex. |
|
41 C. glomeratus |
+ |
Perennials; rhizomes short; glumes mucronate at apex |
|
(56) |
|
|
|
|
56 (55) |
Anthela raylets radially spreading; spikes 6 cm or more; spikelets 1-1.5 mm wide. |
|
39 C. nutans |
+ |
Anthela raylets suberect; spikes less than 6 cm; spikelets ca. 2 mm wide. |
|
40 C. eleusinoides |
|
|
|
|
57 (52) |
Culms stout; sheaths bladeless or apicalmost with short blade only; glumes oblong, concave, margin involute; spikelets slightly compressed, rachilla with reddish brown wings. |
|
30 C. pangorei |
+ |
Culms slightly slender; sheaths with blade; glumes ovate, broadly ovate, or ovate-elliptic, margin not involute |
|
(58) |
|
|
|
|
58 (57) |
Spikes ovoid; glumes laxly imbricate, spreading at maturity. |
|
36 C. esculentus |
+ |
Spikes broadly ovoid, obdeltoid, or obovoid; glumes densely imbricate, not spreading at maturity (laxly imbricate and spreading at maturity in C. mitis but spikes obovoid) |
|
(59) |
|
|
|
|
59 (58) |
Rachilla narrowly winged; glumes laxly imbricate, spreading at maturity; involucral bracts subulate, shorter than inflorescence. |
|
35 C. mitis |
+ |
Rachilla broadly winged; glumes densely imbricate, not spreading at maturity; involucral bracts leaflike, usually longer than inflorescence |
|
(60) |
|
|
|
|
60 (59) |
Leaves and involucral bracts slightly narrow, usually plicate; anthela rays erect or suberect, less than 2 cm |
|
(61) |
+ |
Leaves and involucral bracts slightly broad, usually flat; anthela rays obliquely spreading, slender, mostly to 12 cm |
|
(62) |
|
|
|
|
61 (60) |
Stolons short; culms laxly tufted; rays of anthelae erect; spikelets laxly arranged into spikes, linear, ca. 1 mm wide; anthers ellipsoid; nutlet oblong. |
|
31 C. linearispiculatus |
+ |
Stolons long; culms scattered; rays of anthelae slightly obliquely spreading; spikelets nearly digitately arranged at apex of ray, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2-3 mm wide, slightly turgid; anthers linear; nutlet obovoid to ellipsoid. |
|
32 C. stoloniferus |
|
|
|
|
62 (60) |
Glumes dark blood-red, ovate to oblong-ovate. |
|
33 C. rotundus |
+ |
Glumes straw-colored to brownish yellow, broadly ovate to elliptic. |
|
34 C. tuberosus |