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FOC | Family List | FOC Vol. 12 | Theaceae

12. Eurya Thunberg, Nov. Gen. Pl. 67. 1783.

柃木属 ling mu shu

Shrubs, small trees, or rarely large trees, evergreen, dioecious. Current year branchlets terete or 2- or 4-ribbed; winter buds exposed. Leaves distichous; leaf blade margin usually serrulate. Flowers axillary or congested on leafless branchlets, solitary to several in a cluster, small, pedicellate. Bracteoles 2, close to sepals, alternate. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricate, unequal. Petals 5, white or yellowish, basally slightly connate. Male flowers: stamens 5-35, in 1 whorl; filaments linear, glabrous, free or adnate to base of petals; anthers ovate-oblong to oblong, basifixed, 2-loculed, sometimes locellate (constricted at several places along anther length), connective slightly exserted; pistillode conspicuous. Female flowers: stamens usually absent or sometimes present as staminodes; ovary superior, 2-5-loculed with 3-60 ovules per locule, placentation axile; style 2-5, distinct or variously connate. Fruit baccate, globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, with 2-60 seeds per locule. Seeds black, globose, shiny, foveolate-pitted; endosperm fleshy; embryo recurved.

About 130 species: Bhutan, Cambodia, China, NE India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Pacific islands; 83 species (63 endemic) in China.

Although some Eurya species are very distinctive, many of them are very similar and difficult to differentiate. It is quite possible that future systematic studies may decrease the number of recognized species in China.

Eurya cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 450. 1911) is a synonym of Symplocos cochinchinensis (Loureiro) S. Moore var. laurina (Retzius) Nooteboom in the Symplocaceae (see Fl. China 15: 249. 1996).

Eurya esquirolii H. Léveillé (Fl. Kouy-Tchéou, 415. 1914-1915) is the basionym of Litsea esquirolii (H. Léveillé) C. K. Allen (1936, not H. Léveillé, 1911), which is in turn the replaced synonym of L. kobuskiana C. K. Allen in the Lauraceae (see Fl. China 7).


Artificial key to all species (see also key to sections below)

1 Current year branchlets and terminal buds glabrous   (2)
+ Current year branchlets and terminal buds pubescent or villous or at least terminal buds pubescent   (30)
       
2 (1) Current year branchlets terete   (3)
+ Current year branchlets 2- or 4-ribbed   (7)
       
3 (2) Leaf blade base auriculate-amplexicaul.   60 E. lunglingensis
+ Leaf blade base cuneate or rounded   (4)
       
4 (3) Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, base cuneate, margin obtusely serrate or subentire; stamens 15-24 (unknown in E. subintegra)   (5)
+ Leaf blade ovate to oblong, base rounded to subrounded, margin serrulate; stamens 5-12   (6)
       
5 (4) Leaf blade abaxially pale green to yellowish green when dry; anthers locellate; style 1, apically 3-lobed.   27 E. muricata
+ Leaf blade abaxially reddish brown when dry; anthers not locellate; styles 3, distinct.   55 E. macartneyi
       
6 (4) Leaf blade ovate, 4-7 cm, base rounded; stamens 11 or 12.   57 E. ovatifolia
+ Leaf blade oblong, 9-12 cm, base subrounded; stamens 5.   81 E. crassilimba
       
7 (2) Leaf blade base auriculate-amplexicaul.   59 E. amplexifolia
+ Leaf blade base cuneate, rounded, or slightly cordate   (8)
       
8 (7) Current year branchlets 4-ribbed   (9)
+ Current year branchlets 2-ribbed   (15)
       
9 (8) Leaf blade papery to thinly leathery; sepal margins glandular; ovary ovoid and fruit ellipsoid   (10)
+ Leaf blade leathery to thickly leathery; sepal margins not glandular; ovary and fruit globose   (11)
       
10 (9) Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 7-14 cm, papery, secondary veins 10-13 on each side of midvein   26 E. impressinervis
+ Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 15-20 cm, thinly leathery to leathery, secondary veins ca. 20 on each side of midvein, base obtuse to cuneate.   53 E. polyneura
       
11 (9) Petiole 1.2-1.5 cm; leaf blade 7-15 × 2.5-4.5 cm, secondary and reticulate veins adaxially impressed, margin closely serrulate.   54 E. gungshanensis
+ Petiole to 0.7 cm; leaf blade 3-11 × 1-3.5 cm, secondary and reticulate veins adaxially obscure to slightly raised, margin serrulate to sparsely serrate   (12)
       
12 (11) Anthers locellate   (13)
+ Anthers not locellate   (14)
       
13 (12) Current year branchlets reddish brown; petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 cm, base cuneate.   24 E. tetragonoclada
+ Current year branchlets brown; petiole ca. 1 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic to elliptic, 3-4.5 cm, base broadly cuneate.   25 E. hupehensis
       
14 (12) Leaf blade oblong, 8-11 cm; styles 3(or 4)-parted to base.   65 E. paratetragonoclada
+ Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 4-7.5 cm; style 3-lobed.   72 E. alata
       
15 (8) Leaf blade obovate, apex rounded and emarginate   (16)
+ Leaf blade not obovate, apex acuminate, acute, or rarely slightly obtuse   (17)
       
16 (15) Petiole 2-3 mm; leaf blade leathery, secondary veins adaxially impressed, margin revolute; pedicel 1.5-2 mm; female flower petals ca. 1.5 mm; style 3-lobed.   79 E. saxicola
+ Petiole 1-1.5 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery, secondary veins adaxially obscure, margin not revolute; pedicel ca. 1 mm; female flower petals 2-2.3 mm; style 2(or 3)-lobed.   80 E. marlipoensis
       
17 (15) Fruit long ovoid   (18)
+ Fruit globose   (20)
       
18 (17) Sepals outside pubescent or glabrescent; style ca. 1 mm; fruit ca. 1.3 cm.   83 E. chuekiangensis
+ Sepals glabrous; style ca. 3 mm; fruit 0.5-0.9 cm   (19)
       
19 (18) Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-6(-11) cm, apex acuminate to caudate.   51 E. stenophylla
+ Leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm, apex obtuse.   52 E. metcalfiana
       
20 (17) Sepal margins glandular or ciliolate   (21)
+ Sepal margins neither glandular nor ciliolate   (24)
       
21 (20) Sepal margins glandular   (22)
+ Sepal margins ciliolate; stamens 10-15   (23)
       
22 (21) Petiole 6-9 mm; leaf blade 7-14 × 2.5-5 cm; stamens 13-15.   50 E. subintegra
+ Petiole 2-5 mm; leaf blade 3-7 × 1-2.5 cm; stamens 5-7.   82 E. cavinervis
       
23 (21) Leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong; stamens 6-10; anther apices apiculate.   30 E. glaberrima
+ Leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic; stamens 13-15; anther apices rounded.   64 E. brevistyla
       
24 (20) Leaf blade base rounded to subcordate; sepals outside pubescent.   58 E. rubiginosa
+ Leaf blade base cuneate or rounded; sepals glabrous   (25)
       
25 (24) Sepals leathery, brown when dry; style ca. 1 mm   (26)
+ Sepals membranous, pale green when dry; style 1.5-3 mm   (27)
       
26 (25) Leaf blade thinly leathery, secondary veins adaxially impressed, base rounded.   56 E. oblonga
+ Leaf blade leathery, secondary veins adaxially slightly raised, base cuneate to broadly cuneate.   58 E. rubiginosa
       
27 (25) Leaf blade thinly leathery, secondary veins adaxially not impressed   (28)
+ Leaf blade thickly leathery, secondary veins adaxially impressed   (29)
       
28 (27) Leaf blade obovate to obovate-elliptic, secondary veins 6-8 on each side of midvein and abaxially obscure; male flower petals 3-3.5 mm.   44 E. chinensis
+ Leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, obovate-oblong, secondary veins 9-12 on each side of midvein and abaxially slightly visible; male flower petals 3.5-4 mm.   46 E. nitida
       
29 (27) Leaf blade obovate, obovate-elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 3-7 cm, margin not revolute when dry; style ca. 1.5 mm.   47 E. japonica
+ Leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 7-8(-11) cm, margin revolute when dry; style ca. 2 mm.   48 E. rengechiensis
       
30 (1) Ovary and fruit pubescent or ovary sparsely pubescent when young, soon glabrescent   (31)
+ Ovary glabrous   (49)
       
31 (30) Leaf blade base auriculate-amplexicaul; stamens 5-11   (32)
+ Leaf blade base cuneate, rounded, or cordate; stamens 15-28   (33)
       
32 (31) Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm; sepals pubescent; stamens 10 or 11; ovary and fruit pubescent.   4 E. auriformis
+ Leaf blade oblong, 2-3.5 cm; sepals glabrous; stamens 5-10; ovary sparsely pubescent when young but soon glabrescent, fruit glabrous.   5 E. disticha
       
33 (31) Current year branchlets 2-ribbed   (34)
+ Current year branchlets terete   (35)
       
34 (33) Current year branchlets pubescent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 4-7 cm; ovary and fruit pubescent.   13 E. gnaphalocarpa
+ Current year branchlets glabrous; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 12-19 cm; ovary sparsely pubescent when young but soon glabrescent, fruit glabrous.   22 E. persicifolia
       
35 (33) Leaf blade thickly leathery, secondary and reticulate veins impressed on both surfaces.   9 E. rugosa
+ Leaf blade papery, leathery, or rarely thickly leathery, secondary and reticulate veins abaxially not impressed   (36)
       
36 (35) Current year branchlets pubescent   (37)
+ Current year branchlets densely spreading villous   (42)
       
37 (36) Leaf blade secondary veins 10-14 on each side of midvein, margin entire or rarely apically serrate; ovary glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, fruit glabrous; style ca. 5 mm.   18 E. pseudocerasifera
+ Leaf blade secondary veins 8-18 on each side of midvein, margin serrate or serrulate; ovary and fruit pubescent; style 3-4 mm   (38)
       
38 (37) Styles 4 or 5, distinct   (39)
+ Style 1, apically 3-lobed or -parted   (40)
       
39 (38) Petiole ca. 3 mm, glabrous; leaf blade secondary veins 14-18 on each side of midvein; sepals 2-2.5 mm; male flower petals elliptic; styles 2.5-3 mm.   8 E. pittosporifolia
+ Petiole 4-6 mm, pubescent; leaf blade secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein; sepals 1.5-2 mm; male flower petals ovate; styles ca. 1.5 mm.   14 E. megatrichocarpa
       
40 (38) Sepals ovate, apex acute; current year branchlets yellowish brown.   11 E. acutisepala
+ Sepals orbicular, apex emarginate; current year branchlets reddish brown   (41)
       
41 (40) Current year branchlets densely pubescent; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, abaxially sparsely pubescent; sepals pubescent, margin ciliolate; anthers locellate.   10 E. trichocarpa
+ Current year branchlets sparsely pubescent when young, soon glabrescent; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent when young but glabrescent; sepals glabrous, margin not ciliolate; anthers not locellate.   12 E. acuminatissima
       
42 (36) Pedicel 2-3 mm   (43)
+ Pedicel 1 mm or less   (45)
       
43 (42) Leaf blade base slightly cordate, apex obtuse to acute.   17 E. subcordata
+ Leaf blade base broadly cuneate, obtuse, or rounded, apex acuminate-caudate   (44)
       
44 (43) Leaf blade 6.5-9 × 1.5-2.5 cm, leathery to rigidly leathery, base broadly cuneate to obtuse; sepals outside sparsely pubescent to subglabrous.   15 E. kueichowensis
+ Leaf blade 3.5-5(-7) × 1-1.4(-1.8) cm, thinly leathery, base rounded; sepals outside glabrous.   16 E. henryi
       
45 (42) Pedicel ca. 0.5 mm; style ca. 1.5 mm.   6 E. strigillosa
+ Pedicel ca. 1 mm; style 3-4 mm   (46)
       
46 (45) Petiole ca. 1 mm; style distinct or parted almost to base   (47)
+ Petiole 2-4 mm; style connate at least for basal 1/2   (48)
       
47 (46) Leaf blade margin entire or rarely serrate; sepals 2-2.5 mm; stamens 22-28; styles 4 or 5, distinct.   1 E. ciliata
+ Leaf blade margin serrulate; sepals 1-1.5 mm; stamens 15-18; style 3-parted almost to base.   3 E. distichophylla
       
48 (46) Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-9 × 2-2.5 cm, base obtuse to subrounded; sepal apex acute to acuminate; style apically 3(or 4)-lobed.   2 E. patentipila
+ Leaf base oblong-elliptic, 12-15 × 4-5.2 cm, base broadly cuneate; sepal apex rounded; style 3-5-parted to middle.   7 E. velutina
       
49 (30) Current year branchlets 2-ribbed   (50)
+ Current year branchlets terete   (57)
       
50 (49) Sepals outside pubescent   (51)
+ Sepals outside glabrous   (54)
       
51 (50) Leaf blade 12-19 cm, ovary pubescent at least when young.   22 E. persicifolia
+ Leaf blade 4.5-10 cm, ovary glabrous   (52)
       
52 (51) Leaf blade base obtuse to subrounded; style ca. 2.5 mm.   37 E. tsingpienensis
+ Leaf blade base attenuate to cuneate; style 1 mm or less   (53)
       
53 (52) Petiole 0.5-1 cm; flowers in clusters to 6; style ca. 1 mm, apically 3-lobed.   31 E. septata
+ Petiole 2-5 cm; flowers in clusters to 3; style less than 0.4 mm, 4-parted almost to base.   45 E. taitungensis
       
54 (50) Sepal margins not glandular   (55)
+ Sepal margins glandular   (56)
       
55 (54) Anthers locellate; style ca. 1 mm; pedicel 0.5-1.5 mm.   31 E. septata
+ Anthers not locellate; style 1.5-2 mm; pedicel ca. 2 mm.   44 E. chinensis
       
56 (54) Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic; style 3-3.5 mm.   23 E. jintungensis
+ Leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; style ca. 2 mm.   49 E. lanciformis
       
57 (49) Current year branchlets and terminal buds puberulent   (58)
+ Current year branchlets densely spreading villous or pubescent or at least terminal buds pubescent   (62)
       
58 (57) Leaf blade obovate, apex rounded; stamens 5.   79 E. saxicola
+ Leaf blade not obovate, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; stamens 10-24   (59)
       
59 (58) Sepals outside glabrous; stamens 17-24; styles distinct.   55 E. macartneyi
+ Sepals outside puberulent or pubescent; stamens 10-15; style lobed or parted   (60)
       
60 (59) Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, thinly leathery; sepals ovate; style 2-3 mm.   36 E. loquaiana
+ Leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, leathery; sepals orbicular; style 1-1.5 mm   (61)
       
61 (60) Terminal buds only puberulent; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, margin serrulate, apex abruptly shortly acute; sepals 2.5-3 mm, margin ciliolate.   71 E. hebeclados
+ Terminal buds puberulent and pubescent; leaf blade oblong to oblong-elliptic, margin sparsely serrate on apical 1/2 or subentire, apex obtuse; sepals 1-1.5 mm, margin not ciliolate.   73 E. obtusifolia
       
62 (57) Leaf blade base auriculate-amplexicaul, cordate, or obliquely cordate   (63)
+ Leaf blade base cuneate or rounded   (67)
       
63 (62) Leaf blade base auriculate-amplexicaul   (64)
+ Leaf blade base cordate or obliquely cordate   (65)
       
64 (63) Leaf blade oblong, 2-3 cm, secondary and reticulate veins adaxially obscure; sepals glabrous.   5 E. disticha
+ Leaf blade elliptic, 4-8 cm, secondary and reticulate veins adaxially impressed; sepals villous.   62 E. weissiae
       
65 (63) Leaf blade base unequally cordate; style 4-4.5 mm.   40 E. obliquifolia
+ Leaf blade base cordate, slightly cordate, or obliquely rounded; style 1-2 mm   (66)
       
66 (65) Leaf blade abaxially not black glandular punctate; style ca. 2 mm.   39 E. inaequalis
+ Leaf blade abaxially black glandular punctate; style 1-1.5 mm.   61 E. glandulosa
       
67 (62) Leaf blade 14-20 cm, margin spinescent serrulate.   70 E. perserrata
+ Leaf blade 2-13(-15) cm (may reach 15 cm in E. magniflora), margin subentire, serrate, or serrulate   (68)
       
68 (67) Leaf blade margin subentire or only apically serrate   (69)
+ Leaf blade margin serrulate to serrate   (70)
       
69 (68) Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, secondary and reticulate veins raised on both surfaces, apex falcately acuminate to caudate-acuminate; anthers 20-24-locellate.   19 E. luchunensis
+ Leaf blade obovate, secondary veins adaxially visible or obscure, apex obtuse; anthers not locellate.   43 E. cuneata
       
70 (68) Leaf blade obovate, apex rounded or emarginate   (71)
+ Leaf blade not obovate, apex acute, acuminate, or rarely slightly obtuse   (72)
       
71 (70) Leaf blade margin revolute; sepal margins not glandular; stamens ca. 20; ovary globose.   29 E. emarginata
+ Leaf blade margin not revolute; sepal margins glandular; stamens 5; ovary ovoid.   78 E. pyracanthifolia
       
72 (70) Ovary 4- or 5-loculed; styles 4 or 5 and distinct or basally connate and apically 4- or 5-lobed or parted (sometimes apically 3-lobed in E. prunifolia)   (73)
+ Ovary 3-loculed; style apically 3-lobed or 3-parted, rarely 3 and distinct (sometimes 4 and distinct in E. fangii)   (75)
       
73 (72) Leaf blade membranous to papery, secondary veins adaxially impressed.   38 E. quinquelocularis
+ Leaf blade leathery or thinly leathery, secondary veins adaxially not impressed   (74)
       
74 (73) Current year branchlets densely spreading villous; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, outside pubescent; fruit globose   32 E. pentagyna
+ Current year branchlets sparsely pubescent when young, soon glabrescent; sepals suborbicular, outside glabrous; fruit ovate-ellipsoid.   41 E. prunifolia
       
75 (72) Sepals ovate, apex acute or slightly obtuse   (76)
+ Sepals orbicular, apex rounded and usually emarginate   (78)
       
76 (75) Current year branchlets densely spreading villous; petiole ca. 1 mm; female flowers with petals ca. 2.5 mm.   33 E. groffii
+ Current year branchlets pubescent; petiole 2-5 mm; female flowers with petals 3-4 mm   (77)
       
77 (76) Pedicel 2-3 mm; stamens 15-20; style 2-3 mm.   34 E. acuminata
+ Pedicel 1-1.5 mm; stamens 12-15; style ca. 1 mm.   35 E. acuminoides
       
78 (75) Sepals outside glabrous   (79)
+ Sepals outside pubescent   (84)
       
79 (78) Sepal margins ciliolate   (80)
+ Sepal margins not ciliolate but sometimes glandular   (81)
       
80 (79) Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, abaxially glabrous; anthers apically rounded; styles 3 or 4, distinct   66 E. fangii
+ Leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate-oblong, abaxially pubescent along midvein; anthers apically acute; style apically 3-lobed.   69 E. semiserrulata
       
81 (79) Leaf blade to 4 cm, papery to thinly leathery; stamens 5-8   (82)
+ Leaf blade longer than 6 cm, leathery; stamens 15-22   (83)
       
82 (81) Leaf blade lanceolate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm, thinly leathery; stamens 7 or 8.   76 E. leptophylla
+ Leaf blade elliptic to obovate-oblong, 1-2.5 cm, leathery; stamens 5.   77 E. crenatifolia
       
83 (81) Sepal margins not glandular; anthers locellate; style ca. 1.5 mm.   27 E. muricata
+ Sepal margins sparsely glandular; anthers not locellate; style 3-4 mm.   42 E. hainanensis
       
84 (78) Sepal margins not ciliolate or glandular; petiole glabrous.   20 E. magniflora
+ Sepals margins ciliolate or glandular; petiole pubescent   (85)
       
85 (84) Leaf blade 1.5-2.7 × 0.7-1.2 cm, secondary veins 6-8 on each side of midvein.   75 E. wenshanensis
+ Leaf blade 2-12 × 1-4 cm, secondary veins 8-24 on each side of midvein   (86)
       
86 (85) Style ca. 3 mm; petiole 5-8 mm.   21 E. bifidostyla
+ Style 1-1.5 mm; petiole 1-3 mm   (87)
       
87 (86) Stamens 5 or 6, anthers apically rounded; petiole ca. 1 mm.   74 E. yunnanensis
+ Stamens 12-15, anthers apically apiculate; petiole 1.5-3 mm   (88)
       
88 (87) Sepal margins glandular, sometimes also ciliolate.   67 E. tsaii
+ Sepal margins ciliolate but not glandular   (89)
       
89 (88) Leaf blade secondary veins 14-20 on each side of midvein; style ca. 1 mm   68 E. taronensis
+ Leaf blade secondary veins 8-12 on each side of midvein; style ca. 1.5 mm or ca. 2.5 mm   (90)
       
90 (89) Anthers 4- or 5-locellate; style ca. 2.5 mm.   28 E. wuliangshanensis
+ Anthers not locellate; style ca. 1.5 mm.   63 E. handel-mazzettii

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