1	Gynophore free end (vertical part of gynobase) rising above nutlets as thick tetrahedral mucro with short style at apex.		(2)
+	Gynophore entirely hidden between nutlets (gynophore should not be confused with the thin style sometimes elevated above nutlets as in L.brachycentra and L.microcarpa).		(4)
2 (1)	Nutlets 3-5 mm, lustrous, stonelike, tuberculate, with thick walls and without ribs or disc or anchor-like tip on tubercles		1 Lappula spinocarpos
+	Nutlets 2-3 mm, finely tuberculate, with very short glochids on margin of inconspicuous disc, without glochids on margin of well-developed disc.		(3)
3 (2)	Calyx lobes exceeding fruit; pedicel always straight		3 Lappula occultata
+	Calyx lobes short, appressed to base of much longer fruit; pedicel declining, sometimes recurved		2 Lappula sinaica
4 (1)	Developed nutlets 1, the other 3 aborting		31 Lappula monocarpa
+	Developed nutlets 4.		(5)
5 (4)	Disc of nutlets narrow and nearly closed, marginal parts of nutlets involute on disc.		(6)
+	Disc of nutlets well developed, marginal parts of nutlets not involute on disc.		(7)
6 (5)	Glochids on margin of disc ca. 0.5 mm		4 Lappula balchaschensis
+	Glochids on margin of disc ca. 1.5 mm		5 Lappula deserticola
7 (5)	Disc margin of all or (1 or) 2 nutlets with well-developed mostly broad wing.		(8)
+	Disc margin of nutlets without well-developed wing, marginal prickles of disc sometimes widened and confluent into a very narrow winglike border.		(16)
8 (7)	Perennial herbs.		(9)
+	Biennial or annual herbs (when uncertain, stems straight, tall).		(10)
9 (8)	Herbs forming small tufts of leaf rosettes, with several or sometimes many lateral ascending stems; nutlets 5-7 mm across		33 Lappula transalaica
+	Cespitose herbs, with 1 or 2 straight stems; nutlets ca. 3 mm across		15 Lappula caespitosa
10 (8)	Nutlet with entire wing, pubescent or not.		(11)
+	Nutlet with dentate wing, not pubescent.		(12)
11 (10)	Nutlets tuberculate, densely pubescent, without prickles		32 Lappula lasiocarpa
+	Nutlets neither tuberculate nor pubescent, 2 nutlets with a single row of marginal glochids		30 Lappula alatavica
12 (10)	Biennial or ?perennial herbs, with well-developed lateral rosette of leaves; stems (2 or) 3-5, few branched or not, straight		27 Lappula ferganensis
+	Annual herbs without rosette of leaves after anthesis; stems usually branched.		(13)
13 (12)	All nutlets homomorphic, with narrow wings to 1 mm, sometimes 1 nutlet wingless, disc of nutlets granulose		19 Lappula granulata
+	Nutlets heteromorphic, 2 with leathery wings and 2 with 2 rows of glochids on disc margin.		(14)
14 (13)	Corolla limb (5-)5.5-6 mm		34 Lappula lipskyi
+	Corolla limb 2.5-3.5(-4) mm.		(15)
15 (14)	Marginal glochids in 2 rows, uniform in length		29 Lappula heteromorpha
+	Marginal glochids in 1 row, some short glochids forming a second row near base of nutlets		28 Lappula anocarpa
16 (7)	Style projecting 1-1.5 mm above nutlets, filiform, persistent at fruiting.		(17)
+	Style hidden among apices of nutlets or projecting less than 0.5 mm above nutlet.		(18)
17 (16)	Prickles along disc margin 0.5-0.9 mm, mostly developed in 1 row (sometimes a second row of prickles 0.1-0.2 mm, with very small tubercles and anchorlike tips)		10 Lappula microcarpa
+	Prickles along disc margin 0.1-0.2 mm or absent and replaced by tubercles		11 Lappula brachycentra
18 (16)	Disc margin of nutlets with only 1 row of glochids (sometimes a medial row of glochids present).		(19)
+	Disc margin of nutlets with 2 or 3 rows of glochids.		(29)
19 (18)	Perennial cespitose herbs, with several to many stems, branched only above		15 Lappula caespitosa
+	Annual or rarely biennial herbs.		(20)
20 (19)	Corolla sky blue, limb 5-8 mm		35 Lappula macrantha
+	Corolla blue or white, limb to 3.5 mm.		(21)
21 (20)	Corolla white; nutlets with marginal glochids to 0.5 mm, disc with 1 or 2 medial rows of glochids on tubercles		6 Lappula macra
+	Corolla blue or white-blue; nutlets with longer marginal glochids or disc finely tuberculate.		(22)
22 (21)	Heteromorphic nutlets present, 2 with short glochids, 2 with longer glochids; homomorphic nutlets sometimes also present.		(23)
+	All nutlets homomorphic.		(24)
23 (22)	All nutlets heteromorphic, disc and adaxial surface smooth		16 Lappula karelinii
+	Nutlets in lower part of inflorescences homomorphic, disc and adaxial surface tuberculate		13 Lappula duplicicarpa
24 (22)	Marginal glochids slender, 0.5-0.9 mm		9 Lappula tenuis
+	Marginal glochids 1-2.5(-4.5) mm.		(25)
25 (24)	Marginal glochids 1-2 mm; plants branched mainly on upper part of stems.		(26)
+	Marginal glochids 2-2.5(-4.5) mm; plants usually branched basally.		(27)
26 (25)	Plants 25-40(-50) cm high; marginal spines 1-1.2 mm, disc not keeled		8 Lappula intermedia
+	Plants 15-20(-30) cm high; marginal spines ca. 1.5 mm, disc with protruding keel		7 Lappula stricta
27 (25)	Marginal glochids hollow, terete		36 Lappula physacantha
+	Marginal glochids solid, or subglobose.		(28)
28 (27)	Pedicel 1.5-4 mm, usually curved; nutlets 3.5-4 mm excluding prickles		12 Lappula semiglabra
+	Pedicel to 1 mm, straight; nutlets ca. 3 mm excluding prickles		14 Lappula patula
29 (18)	Perennial herbs; stems several, 7-15 cm tall, ascending; basal leaves numerous, forming a rosette; glochids on disc 0.2-0.5 mm.		(30)
+	Biennial or annual herbs; stems few, usually 30-45 cm tall; basal leaves few, rarely forming a rosette; glochids on disc 1-3 mm, rarely smaller.		(31)
30 (29)	Herbs silvery sericeous; basal leaves linear to filiform, to 4 cm × 1-2 mm; corolla ca. 5 mm; center line of disc of nutlet without glochids		20 Lappula sericata
+	Herbs green-gray pilose; basal leaves spatulate, to 3 cm × 2-4 mm; corolla 2-2.5 mm; center line of disc of nutlet with glochids		21 Lappula himalayensis
31 (29)	Biennial herbs; corolla with spreading limb, 4-6(-8) mm across.		(32)
+	Annual herbs; corolla with campanulate limb, 2-3.5(-4) mm across.		(35)
32 (31)	About 2/3 of adaxial angle of nutlets affixed to gynobase; gynobase longer than nutlets		25 Lappula ramulosa
+	Entire adaxial angle of nutlets affixed to gynobase; gynobase shorter than nutlets.		(33)
33 (32)	Corolla sky blue, limb to 6-8 mm across, throat appendages blue or dark blue		22 Lappula tianschanica
+	Corolla blue, limb to 4-5 mm across, throat appendages white, yellowish in herbarium specimens.		(34)
34 (33)	Glochids on disc numerous but short, glochids of main row on margin of disc 1-1.5 mm; herbs to 30(-35) cm tall		24 Lappula pratensis
+	Glochids on disc usually 3 along center line, to 1 mm, glochids of main row on margin of disc 1.5-2.5 mm; herbs to 40-45 cm tall		23 Lappula tadshikorum
35 (31)	Calyx lobes stellate spreading in fruit, elongated to at least 7-8 mm; leaves light green or green, with sparse spreading hairs on large white tubercles; main marginal glochids with large anchorlike tip		8 Lappula intermedia
+	Calyx lobes spreading in fruit, not stellate, elongated to 4-5 mm; leaves usually densely appressed pubescent, grayish green; marginal glochids with small anchorlike tip.		(36)
36 (35)	Upper part of nutlets separated by deep oval or elliptic pit; style protruding above nutlets (excluding glochids) 0.5-1 mm		26 Lappula consanguinea
+	Upper part of nutlets without pit; style protruding above nutlets to 0.2-0.3 mm.		(37)
37 (36)	Main marginal prickles widened basally, confluent near base, 0.4-1.5(-2) mm		18 Lappula shanhsiensis
+	Main marginal prickles all separated, 1.5-2 mm (or more)		17 Lappula myosotis