| 1 |
Ovary undivided; style terminal (at ovary apex). |
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(2) |
| + |
Ovary (2- or) 4-lobed; style gynobasic (between ovary lobes). |
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(8) |
| |
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| 2 (1) |
Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4; fruit drupes with 1 pyrene; cotyledons plicate |
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1 Cordia |
| + |
Style 2-cleft or entire; stigmas 1 or 2; fruit drupes or nutletlike, usually divided into 2 or 4 pyrenes, rarely undivided; cotyledons not plicate. |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Style divided into a basal sterile terete portion that may be strongly reduced, and an upper conical portion; stigma 1, often forming a ring around style. |
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(4) |
| + |
Style usually 2-cleft, rarely entire; stigmas 2, capitate or elongated, rarely subpeltate, or 1, 2-cleft, lower part not inflated, without sterile portion. |
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(5) |
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| 4 (3) |
Mature fruit with a fleshy or corky mesocarp |
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7 Tournefortia |
| + |
Mature fruit dry, with thin mesocarp and bony endocarp |
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6 Heliotropium |
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| 5 (3) |
Fruit dry, without evident mesocarp, divided at maturity into 4 1-seeded mericarps; annual herbs |
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5 Coldenia |
| + |
Fruit berrylike or drupe with evident fleshy mesocarp, undivided or divided at maturity into 2-4 mericarps; trees or shrubs. |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Style undivided; stigma somewhat 2-cleft, subpeltate, endocarp dividing into 4 1-seeded pyrenes |
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3 Rotula |
| + |
Style 2-cleft; stigmas 2. |
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(7) |
| |
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| 7 (6) |
Style 2-cleft to below middle; endocarp undivided, ovoid; leaf blade densely white spotted adaxially |
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4 Carmona |
| + |
Style 2-cleft to above middle; endocarp divided into 2 2-seeded, rarely 4 1-seeded pyrenes; leaf blade not white spotted adaxially |
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2 Ehretia |
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| 8 (1) |
Ovary 2-lobed; ovules 2, potentially maturing into 2 nutlets |
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39 Rochelia |
| + |
Ovary 4-lobed; ovules 4, potentially maturing into 4 nutlets. |
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(9) |
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| 9 (8) |
Connective of anthers prominently subulate, spirally twisted |
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36 Trichodesma |
| + |
Connective of anthers not subulate, not spirally twisted. |
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(10) |
| |
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| 10 (9) |
Corolla throat unappendaged. |
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(11) |
| + |
Corolla throat or tube with prominent appendages, longitudinal folds, or hair bands. |
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(17) |
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| 11 (10) |
Anthers coherent at least at base, sagittate; corolla lobes toothed. |
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(12) |
| + |
Anthers free, not sagittate at base; corolla lobes mostly not toothed. |
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(13) |
| |
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| 12 (11) |
Calyx parted to middle or slightly below, lobes triangular; corolla with inflated ribs below lobes and deep furrows between them |
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11 Maharanga |
| + |
Calyx parted to base, lobes linear or linear-lanceolate; corolla without ribs or deep furrows |
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12 Onosma |
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| 13 (11) |
Stamens exserted; nutlet with a cupular emergence abaxially, attachment scar below middle adaxially; gynobase narrowly fastigiate |
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35 Craniospermum |
| + |
Stamens included; nutlet without a cupular emergence, attachment scar basal; gynobase flat. |
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(14) |
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| 14 (13) |
Corolla zygomorphic, lobes unequal |
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13 Echium |
| + |
Corolla actinomorphic, lobes subequal. |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Style undivided; nutlet smooth, attachment scar with umbilical tissue |
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14 Pulmonaria |
| + |
Style 2- or 4-divided; nutlet tuberculate, attachment scar without umbilical tissue. |
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(16) |
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| 16 (15) |
Nutlet with short stipe at base; stamens spirally arranged; style shortly 2-cleft |
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10 Stenosolenium |
| + |
Nutlet without stipe; stamens in single whorl, if spirally arranged (Arnebia decumbens) then flowers yellow; style twice 2-cleft |
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9 Arnebia |
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| 17 (10) |
Calyx lobes unequal, strongly enlarged in fruit, bilaterally compressed, becoming somewhat clamshell-shaped |
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38 Asperugo |
| + |
Calyx lobes subequal, slightly enlarged in fruit, not clamshell-shaped. |
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(18) |
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| 18 (17) |
Attachment scar concave, with umbilical tissue, margin with ringlike emergence. |
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(19) |
| + |
Attachment scar not concave, without umbilical tissue or ringlike emergence. |
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(22) |
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| 19 (18) |
Corolla appendages below throat |
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16 Nonea |
| + |
Corolla appendages at throat. |
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(20) |
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| 20 (19) |
Stamens and corolla appendages at same level; corolla lobes dentate |
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18 Symphytum |
| + |
Stamens below corolla appendages; corolla lobes not dentate. |
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(21) |
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| 21 (20) |
Corolla appendages short pubescent; plants sparsely strigose or hispid |
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15 Anchusa |
| + |
Corolla appendages pilose; plants short strigose, bristly |
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17 Gastrocotyle |
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| 22 (18) |
Anthers mucronulate at apex; nutlets ovoid, smooth, white or gray |
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8 Lithospermum |
| + |
Anthers not mucronulate at apex; nutlets not ovoid, often not smooth and/or not white or gray. |
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(23) |
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| 23 (22) |
Nutlets with glochids or wings. |
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(24) |
| + |
Nutlets without glochids or wings. |
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(34) |
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| 24 (23) |
Gynobase flat; stem leaves subglabrous. |
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(25) |
| + |
Gynobase fastigiate or subulate; stem leaves bristly, rarely glabrous. |
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(26) |
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| 25 (24) |
Abaxial surface of nutlet with cupular or crownlike emergence formed by confluent bases of glochids |
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31 Actinocarya |
| + |
Abaxial surface of nutlet without emergence; glochids on adaxial surface coherent into wings |
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32 Metaeritrichium |
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| 26 (24) |
Corolla limb shorter than tube; stamens and style exserted. |
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(27) |
| + |
Corolla limb ca. as long as to longer than tube; stamens and style included. |
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(29) |
| |
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| 27 (26) |
Stamens inserted above appendages; anthers much shorter than filaments, base not hastate |
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45 Solenanthus |
| + |
Stamens inserted below appendages; anthers ca. as long as to longer than filaments, base hastate. |
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(28) |
| |
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| 28 (27) |
Nutlets globose or ovoid, ca. 15 mm, without prickles, broadly winged |
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44 Rindera |
| + |
Nutlets compressed, ovate, ca. 6 mm, margins without wings, with dense glochids |
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43 Lindelofia |
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| 29 (26) |
Attachment scar at apex of nutlet. |
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(30) |
| + |
Attachment scar at or below middle on adaxial surface of nutlets. |
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(31) |
| |
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| 30 (29) |
Abaxial cupular emergence of nutlet broadly winged |
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47 Mattiastrum |
| + |
Abaxial cupular emergence of nutlet not winged |
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42 Cynoglossum |
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| 31 (29) |
Gynobase pyramidal, much shorter than nutlets or nearly flat. |
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(32) |
| + |
Gynobase subulate, ca. as long as to longer than nutlets. |
|
(33) |
| |
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| 32 (31) |
Gynobase short pyramidal, to 2-3 mm; fruiting pedicel always deflexed |
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29 Hackelia |
| + |
Gynobase nearly flat, to 1 mm; fruiting pedicel erect or deflexed |
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28 Eritrichium |
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| 33 (31) |
Adaxial surface of nutlet joined to gynobase (not easily stripped) |
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34 Heterocaryum |
| + |
Adaxial surface of nutlet free from gynobase (easily stripped) |
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33 Lappula |
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| 34 (23) |
Nutlets tetrahedral or lenticular. |
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(35) |
| + |
Nutlets neither tetrahedral nor lenticular. |
|
(40) |
| |
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| 35 (34) |
Nutlet with adaxial membranous cupular emergence. |
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(36) |
| + |
Nutlet without membranous cupular emergence. |
|
(37) |
| |
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| 36 (35) |
Leaf blade ovate-cordate; fruiting calyx extremely enlarged, enclosing fruit |
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21 Sinojohnstonia |
| + |
Leaf blade elliptic-ovate; fruiting calyx slightly enlarged, not enclosing fruit |
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22 Omphalotrigonotis |
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| 37 (35) |
Stamens included. |
|
(38) |
| + |
Stamens exserted. |
|
(39) |
| |
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| 38 (37) |
Corolla lobes convolute; nutlets lenticular |
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19 Myosotis |
| + |
Corolla lobes overlapping; nutlets tetrahedral or 3-angled |
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20 Trigonotis |
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| 39 (37) |
Leaves nearly whorled at apex of stem |
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23 Brachybotrys |
| + |
Leaves alternate along stem |
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24 Mertensia |
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| 40 (34) |
Stamens exserted |
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41 Antiotrema |
| + |
Stamens included. |
|
(41) |
| |
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| 41 (40) |
Flowers solitary, terminal; perennial alpine cushion plant |
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27 Chionocharis |
| + |
Flowers several to numerous, in cymes. |
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(42) |
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| 42 (41) |
Nutlet without an emergence on either surface. |
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(43) |
| + |
Nutlets with a discoid or cupular emergence on abaxial or adaxial surface. |
|
(45) |
| |
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| 43 (42) |
Gynobase nearly flat; nutlets glabrous, shiny |
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25 Amblynotus |
| + |
Gynobase subulate or terete. |
|
(44) |
| |
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| 44 (43) |
Nutlets short hispid, abaxial surface completely coherent to gynobase |
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37 Lasiocaryum |
| + |
Nutlets glabrous, abaxial surface free except for basal attachment scar which is coherent to gynobase |
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26 Microcaryum |
| |
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| 45 (42) |
Cupular emergence with 2 layers, margin of outer layer dentate |
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46 Thyrocarpus |
| + |
Cupular emergence with 1 layer, if 2, margin of outer layer entire. |
|
(46) |
| |
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| 46 (45) |
Nutlet with cupular emergence adaxially |
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40 Bothriospermum |
| + |
Nutlets with cupular emergence on abaxial surface, surrounding an aperture |
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30 Microula |
