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23. Panax Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1058. 1753.
人参属 ren shen shu
Herbs, perennial, with stout rootstock, hermaphroditic or perhaps andromonoecious, unarmed. Stem simple, with scales at base. Leaves palmately compound, in whorls of 3-5; leaflets entire to serrate or dentate or pinnately lobed. Inflorescence a solitary, terminal umbel. Pedicels articulate below bisexual flowers, inarticulate below male flowers. Calyx shortly 5-toothed. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- or 3(-5)-carpellate; styles distinct or basally united, as many as carpels. Fruit a drupe, globose, sometimes slightly compressed or triangular. Seeds laterally compressed, as many as carpels; endosperm smooth.
About eight species: E Asia, Himalayan region, Indochina, North America; seven species (one introduced) in China.
We were unable to treat Panax wangianus S. C. Sun (Icon. Pl. Omei. 2(1): 194. 1946 ["wangianum"]; P. pseudoginseng Wallich var. wangianus (S. C. Sun) G. Hoo & C. J. Tseng), described from Sichuan, because we were unable to consult the type material.
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| 1 |
Rootstock usually horizontal, flagellate or moniliform; seeds ovoid, 3-5 × 2-4 mm. |
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1 P. japonicus |
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Rootstock fusiform or tuberous; seeds globose-nephroid or compressed-globose, 5-8 mm in diam |
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(2) |
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| 2 (1) |
Leaflets 2-pinnatifid, adaxially setose on veins; styles 2, usually united into a column; seeds subglobose. |
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2 P. stipuleanatus |
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Leaflets not 2-pinnatifid; styles 2(or 3), divided at least apically |
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(3) |
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| 3 (2) |
Rootstock tuberous, resembling that of species of Zingiber; leaflets sessile or subsessile; seeds triangular-subglobose. |
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3 P. zingiberensis |
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Rootstock fusiform; leaflets usually petiolulate; seeds ovoid-globose or laterally compressed |
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(4) |
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| 4 (3) |
Seeds ovoid-globose, slightly 3-ridged, not laterally compressed, thickness 5-6 mm; leaflets obovate or obovate-oblong; umbels 80-100(or more)-flowered; styles united at least to middle. |
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4 P. notoginseng |
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Seeds laterally compressed, thickness 2-2.5 mm; leaflets elliptic or oblong, or if obovate then apically acuminate; umbels 20-50-flowered; styles 2, free to base |
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(5) |
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| 5 (4) |
Leaflets 1.5-2 mm, adaxially setose on veins, apically long caudate-acuminate; bases of petioles and of petiolules with numerous lanceolate, stipulelike appendages; pedicels longer, glabrous; rootstock fleshy, 2-5-fascicled. |
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5 P. pseudoginseng |
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Leaflets ca. 1 mm, glabrous or adaxially sparsely setose, apically shortly acuminate, margin serrate; bases of petiole and petiolules without stipulelike appendages or with only hairlike appendages; pedicels rough; rootstock usually 1- or 2-fascicled |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Peduncle longer than petiole; leaflets sparsely minutely setose on veins, margin densely serrulate. |
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6 P. ginseng |
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Peduncle not exceeding petiole; leaflets sparsely setose on veins or glabrous, margin coarsely serrate or dentate. |
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7 P. quinquefolius |
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List of lower taxa
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