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2. Utricularia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.
狸藻属 li zao shu
Calpidisca Barnhart; Diurospermum Edgeworth; Lentibularia Séguier; Megozipa Rafinesque; Meloneura Rafinesque; Nelipus Rafinesque; Vesiculina Rafinesque; Xananthes Rafinesque.
Herbs, perennial or annual, terrestrial, epiphytic, or aquatic, without true roots. Stems modified into rhizoids and stolons, rarely developed. Traps on rhizoids, stolons, and/or leaves, small, bladderlike. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, simple to many × divided, veins 1-3, unbranched, dichotomously branched, or pinnately branched. Inflorescences racemose or flowers solitary, pedunculate, usually simple, seldom branched, erect to twining, bracteate; bracts and bracteole often present, scalelike, sometimes basisolute (with base extending below point of insertion). Calyx parted from base into 2 equal or unequal lobes, lobes sometimes apically 2-parted. Corolla lower lip larger than upper lip; lower lip entire or 2- or 3(-6)-lobed, spurred, palate variously raised; upper lip entire or 2- or 3-lobed. Anther thecae confluent or distinct. Capsule adaxially loculicidal, both abaxially and adaxially loculicidal, or circumscissile, rarely indehiscent. Seeds few, many, or rarely 1 per capsule, variously appendaged.
About 220 species: cosmopolitan but mostly in tropical regions, a few in N temperate regions; 25 species (four endemic) in China.
This account is based largely on the work of P. Taylor (Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 14: [i]-xi, 1-724. 1989), which should be consulted for a complete synonymy.
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1 |
Leaves divided into narrowly linear to capillary segments, ultimate segments (except U. limosa) bearing apical and often lateral solitary or fasciculate setulae; bracteoles absent; capsule globose or ellipsoid, not dorsiventrally compressed; seeds globose, lenticular, or prismatic |
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(2) |
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Leaves simple, orbicular to linear, glabrous, margin entire or rarely divided into broader lobes; bracteoles present; capsule globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, often dorsiventrally compressed; seeds ovoid, obovoid, or ellipsoid, rarely globose |
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(9) |
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2 (1) |
Scales not present on peduncle; persistent style often equaling or exceeding capsule. |
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25 U. aurea |
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Scales present on peduncle; persistent style much less than 1/2 as long as capsule |
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(3) |
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3 (2) |
Scales and bracts basisolute; corolla lilac, violet, or white |
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(4) |
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Scales and bracts basifixed; corolla yellow |
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(5) |
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4 (3) |
Lower corolla lip 2-lobed to ca. 1/2 its length; seeds globose, not winged; rhizoids present and capillary. |
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18 U. limosa |
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Lower corolla lip rounded to retuse; seeds lenticular, with a broad dentate wing; rhizoids apparently absent. |
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19 U. punctata |
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5 (3) |
Turions (overwintering buds) absent; corolla with a few short stipitate glands; capsule laterally 2-valvate; seeds lenticular, with a broadly irregular wing. |
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20 U. gibba |
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Turions usually present; corolla without external stipitate glands; capsule circumscissile; seeds prismatic, (4 or)5- or 6-angled (unknown for U. intermedia) |
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(6) |
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6 (5) |
Stolons all with green, many × divided leaves with traps, leaf segment capillary or slightly flattened |
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(7) |
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Stolons dimorphic, bearing either green leaves with narrowly linear segments with few or no traps or bearing colorless much reduced leaves with traps |
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(8) |
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7 (6) |
Margins of lower corolla lip deflexed; palate hairy; bracts ovate. |
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21 U. vulgaris |
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Margins of lower corolla lip spreading; palate glabrous; bracts orbicular. |
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22 U. australis |
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8 (6) |
Palate of lower corolla lip with a prominent rounded basal swelling; spur subulate, slightly shorter than lower corolla lip; rhizoids present and filiform. |
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23 U. intermedia |
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Palate of lower corolla lip without a prominent rounded swelling but much elongate with a raised marginal rim; spur saccate to obtusely broadly conic, ca. 1/2 as long as lower corolla lip; rhizoids absent. |
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24 U. minor |
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9 (1) |
Bracts and bracteoles basisolute, attached just above to below middle |
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(10) |
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Bracts and bracteoles basifixed |
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(17) |
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10 (9) |
Leaves linear to narrowly obovate, vein 1; scales numerous; calyx lobes ± equal in size, upper lobe shorter than upper corolla lip |
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(11) |
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Leaves reniform, orbicular, or obovate, veins dichotomously branched; scales absent (seldom few in U. striatula); calyx lobes very unequal in size, upper lobe much longer than upper corolla lip |
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(12) |
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11 (10) |
Corolla violet, pink, or white, marked with yellow at throat, palate without hooked processes. |
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3 U. caerulea |
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Corolla pale bluish purple, palate with hooked processes. |
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4 U. warburgii |
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12 (10) |
Plant with a basal tuber |
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(13) |
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Plant without a basal tuber |
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(14) |
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13 (12) |
Spur of corolla ± as long as or shorter than lower corolla lip; leaf blade 1-3 cm. |
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12 U. brachiata |
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Spur of corolla much longer than lower corolla lip; leaf blade 0.4-0.8 cm. |
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13 U. forrestii |
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14 (12) |
Trap mouth with a dorsal deeply 2-cleft appendage; corolla spur subulate, ± as long as lower corolla lip, apex acute. |
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17 U. striatula |
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Trap mouth with a dorsal flabellate appendage; corolla spur cylindric, much shorter than lower corolla lip, apex obtuse |
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(15) |
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15 (14) |
Middle lobe of lower corolla lip rounded; spur ca. 2 × as long as upper calyx lobe. |
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16 U. salwinensis |
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Middle lobe of lower corolla lip emarginate; spur as long as or slightly longer than upper calyx lobe |
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(16) |
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16 (15) |
Lower corolla lip 5-lobed; seed papillae short, obtuse, tufts of sometimes long bristles at both ends; leaf blade membranous. |
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14 U. kumaonensis |
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Lower corolla lip 3-lobed; seed papillae relatively long, acute, a tuft of short bristles at distal end only; leaf blade fleshy. |
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15 U. multicaulis |
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17 (9) |
Bracteoles similar to or slightly narrower than bracts |
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(18) |
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Bracteoles much less than 1/4 as wide as bracts |
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(21) |
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18 (17) |
Scales present |
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(19) |
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Scales absent |
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(20) |
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19 (18) |
Inflorescences and calyx glabrous; plants annual. |
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1 U. minutissima |
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Inflorescences and calyx ± densely covered with multicellular hairs; plants perennial. |
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2 U. hirta |
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20 (18) |
Leaves entire; bracts and bracteoles shortly connate to base; corolla yellowish, spur apex obtuse. |
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10 U. peranomala |
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Larger leaves pinnately divided or lobed, smaller leaves entire; bracts and bracteoles not connate; corolla white, with a yellow dot at throat, spur apex 2-lobed. |
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11 U. mangshanensis |
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21 (17) |
Corolla yellow |
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(22) |
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Corolla violet, mauve, lilac, or white |
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(23) |
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22 (21) |
Peduncle erect; pedicel strongly recurved in fruit; upper calyx lobe shorter than upper corolla lip, apex obtuse. |
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5 U. bifida |
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Peduncle twining to erect; pedicel erect in fruit; upper calyx lobe longer than upper corolla lip, apex shortly acuminate. |
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8 U. scandens |
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23 (21) |
Peduncle twining; pedicel strongly deflexed in fruit. |
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9 U. foveolata |
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Peduncle erect; pedicel erect to spreading in fruit |
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(24) |
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24 (23) |
Fruiting pedicel as long as or shorter than fruiting calyx; calyx lobes suborbicular in fruit; seeds globose, with isodiametric reticulations; leaf blade 2.5-4.5 cm × 1.5-6 mm. |
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6 U. uliginosa |
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Fruiting pedicel much longer than fruiting calyx; calyx lobes ovate in fruit; seeds ovoid to ellipsoid, with elongate reticulations; leaf blade 0.4-2 cm × 0.8-3 mm. |
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7 U. graminifolia |
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List of lower taxa
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