1	Inflorescence a panicle, sometimes densely clustered, rarely a corymblike panicle, rays opposite, decussate, first node of inflorescence with 2 rays; pyrenes with a deep ventral groove (if first node of panicle-like inflorescence with 4-6 rays and pyrenes with 2 deep dorsal grooves and 1 shallow ventral groove then see V. pyramidatum) (4. V. sect. Solenotinus)		(2)
+	Inflorescence compound and umbel-like, rarely pyramidal panicle consisting of umbels; rays whorled, first node of inflorescence with 4-8 rays, (if first node of corymblike inflorescence with 2 rays and pyrenes with a deep ventral groove then see V. yunnanense and V. corymbiflorum); pyrenes with 1 shallow ventral, or with both ventral and dorsal grooves		(19)
2 (1)	Corolla rotate, lobes as long as or longer than tube		(3)
+	Corolla funnelform or hypocrateriform, very rarely rotate-campanulate, lobes shorter than tube		(8)
3 (2)	Leaves papery, abaxially with red-brown glandular dots; inflorescence a corymblike panicle.		38 V. yunnanense
+	Leaves thickly papery to leathery, abaxially without red-brown glandular dots; inflorescence a corymblike or pyramidal panicle		(4)
4 (3)	Panicle corymblike.		24 V. corymbiflorum
+	Panicle pyramidal		(5)
5 (4)	Lateral veins at least partly directly ending in teeth; inflorescence axes glabrous or subglabrous; calyx reddish.		28 V. henryi
+	Lateral veins arched and anastomosing near margin, not directly ending in teeth; inflorescence axes glabrous or stellate-pubescent; calyx green		(6)
6 (5)	Leaves thickly papery; pyrenes ca. 4 × 3.5 mm.		36 V. tengyuehense
+	Leaves leathery; pyrenes 7-8 × 4-5 mm		(7)
7 (6)	Calyx and corolla glabrous; flowers fragrant; pyrenes ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, apex rounded.		30 V. odoratissimum
+	Calyx and corolla, or at least calyx, stellate-pubescent outside; flowers not fragrant; pyrenes ovoid or narrowly ovoid, apex acuminate.		21 V. brachybotryum
8 (2)	Stamens inserted at or above middle of corolla tube, generally at different heights; flowers opening before leaves; leaves papery		(9)
+	Stamens inserted at apex of corolla tube; flowers opening after leaves; leaves papery to leathery		(10)
9 (8)	Leaves abaxially slightly pubescent on veins, veins 5-7-jugate, apex acute; inflorescence a panicle, at apices of short branchlets with young leaves; bracts ciliate, subglabrous.		26 V. farreri
+	Leaves abaxially densely pubescent, veins 6-10-jugate, apex acuminate; inflorescence densely clustered at apices of leafless short branchlets; bracts densely silvery sericeous initially.		27 V. grandiflorum
10 (8)	Leaves abaxially with sparse red-brown glandular dots, orbicular or broadly elliptic.		34 V. subalpinum
+	Leaves abaxially without red-brown glandular dots, broadly elliptic to linear		(11)
11 (10)	Both surfaces of leaf blade glabrous		(12)
+	Leaf blade abaxially stellate-pubescent in axils of veins at least, sometimes also along veins, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent		(14)
12 (11)	Leaf margin remotely crenulate except at base, apex acute; corolla tube ca. 3.5 mm.		32 V. omeiense
+	Leaf margin remotely and shallowly serrate above base, apex abruptly narrowed or acuminate to long acuminate, shortly or long caudate; corolla tube 6-8 mm		(13)
13 (12)	Leaves subleathery to leathery, rarely thickly papery, midvein adaxially obviously raised, petiole purple-red; inflorescence peduncle (1.2-)2.5-7 cm; anthers reddish purple; fruit 6-7 mm.		31 V. oliganthum
+	Leaves papery, midvein adaxially not obviously raised, petiole green; inflorescence peduncle (3.5-)6-9 cm; anthers yellowish white; fruit 8-10 mm.		29 V. longipedunculatum
14 (11)	Petiole glabrous, 2.5-5 cm; leaf blade 14-20 cm.		37 V. trabeculosum
+	Petiole stellate-pubescent, sparsely stellate-pubescent, or glabrous, less than 2.5 cm; leaf blade 2-14 cm		(15)
15 (14)	Petiole less than 10 mm		(16)
+	Petiole 10-25 mm		(17)
16 (15)	Inflorescence 4-5 × 3-4 cm, rays sparsely stellate-pubescent, immediately glabrescent; anthers brownish purple; plant deciduous.		22 V. brevitubum
+	Inflorescence ca. 3 × 2 cm, rays stellate-pubescent; anthers yellowish white; plant evergreen.		35 V. taitoense
17 (15)	Lateral veins mostly anastomosing near margin; leaves subleathery.		23 V. chingii
+	Lateral veins mostly directly ending in teeth; leaves papery		(18)
18 (17)	Corolla hypocrateriform, tube 5-6(-8) mm; stamens slightly exceeding corolla tube; flowers fragrant; leaf petiole purple.		25 V. erubescens
+	Corolla rotate-campanulate, tube ca. 3 mm; stamens obviously exceeding corolla tube; flowers not fragrant; leaf petiole green or reddish.		33 V. shweliense
19 (1)	Winter buds naked; young branchlets and young leaves densely stellate-tomentose, fruit maturing from green, to red then black		(20)
+	Winter buds with 1 or 2 (very rarely 3 or more) pairs of scales (rarely winter bud naked, and if such, buds, young branchlets, abaxial surfaces of leaves, inflorescences, calyces, corollas, and fruit with lepidote scales, see V. punctatum); young branchlets and young leaves stellate-pubescent, bristlelike hairy, or glabrous, fruit maturing from green to red (V. sect. Odontotinus and V. sect. Opulus) or from green to blue-black (V. sect. Tinus and V. sect. Megalotinus p.p.), rarely maturing from green, to red then black (V. sect. Tomentosa and V. sect. Megalotinus p.p.)		(34)
20 (19)	Stipules 2 subulate, sometimes absent; inflorescence not pedunculate; pyrenes with 1 shallow dorsal groove and 1 deep ventral groove (2. V. sect. Pseudotinus)		(21)
+	Stipules always absent; inflorescence pedunculate; pyrenes usually with 2 dorsal grooves and (1-)3 ventral grooves (1. V. sect. Viburnum)		(22)
21 (20)	Inflorescence without large sterile flowers, inflorescence rays and calyx tube with small brownish red glands; anthers purple; style exceeding calyx lobes.		14 V. nervosum
+	Inflorescence with large sterile flowers on margin, inflorescence rays and calyx tube without small brownish red glands; anthers yellow; style not exceeding calyx lobes.		15 V. sympodiale
22 (20)	Shrubs or small trees, evergreen or semievergreen; leaf margin entire or indistinctly dentate, rarely serrulate; lateral veins often anastomosing near margin, not directly ending in teeth		(23)
+	Leaves deciduous in winter, margin often dentate		(27)
23 (22)	Calyx tube glabrous; leaves 2-6(-8.5) cm, veins adaxially not impressed		(24)
+	Calyx tube ± stellate-pubescent; leaves 5-25 cm		(25)
24 (23)	Corolla campanulate-funnelform, lobes shorter than tube; old leaves abaxially evenly stellate- pubescent, hairs not totally covering leaf surface; flowers fragrant; leaf lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs.		5 V. congestum
+	Corolla rotate, lobes as long as or slightly longer than tube; stellate hairs totally covering abaxial surfaces of old leaves; flowers not fragrant; leaf lateral veins 5 or 6 pairs.		13 V. utile
25 (23)	Leaf blade adaxially densely stellate-pubescent, margin serrulate, apex acute to shortly acuminate, rarely obtuse to rounded.		1 V. buddleifolium
+	Leaf blade adaxially glabrous or glabrescent, sparsely stellate-pubescent when young particularly on midvein and lateral veins, margin entire or rarely inconspicuously dentate, apex slightly acute or obtuse		(26)
26 (25)	Leaves lanceolate-oblong to narrowly oblong, usually 5-15 × 1.5-4.5 cm, thickly papery when old; lateral veins and veinlets adaxially slightly impressed, not obviously rugose; petioles 1-2 cm; corolla outside sparsely stellate-pubescent; flowers on rays of 2nd order.		4 V. chinshanense
+	Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, usually 8-25 × 2.5-8 cm, leathery; midvein, lateral veins, and veinlets adaxially deeply impressed, strongly rugose; petioles 1.5-4 cm; corolla outside subglabrous; flowers on rays of 3rd order.		10 V. rhytidophyllum
27 (22)	Lateral veins directly ending in teeth, not anastomosing, or at least mostly so		(28)
+	Lateral veins anastomosing near margin, not directly ending in teeth, or at least mostly so		(29)
28 (27)	Calyx tube glabrous; corolla lobes shorter than tube; stamens shorter than corolla; style exceeding calyx lobes; leaf margin serrulate or entire.		6 V. cotinifolium
+	Calyx tube stellate-tomentose; corolla lobes nearly as long as or less than 2 × as long as tube; stamens slightly exceeding corolla lobes; style not exceeding calyx lobes; leaf margin dentate.		7 V. glomeratum
29 (27)	Inflorescence with large sterile radiant flowers.		8 V. macrocephalum
+	Inflorescence with only fertile flowers, without large sterile radiant flowers		(30)
30 (29)	Corolla rotate, tube shorter than lobes		(31)
+	Corolla tubular-campanulate, rarely hypocrateriform, tube obviously longer than lobes		(32)
31 (30)	Branchlets of previous year brownish gray; leaves apically obtuse or rounded, sometimes emarginate or slightly acute; flowers mostly on rays of 3rd and 4th orders, flowers appearing with leaves; pyrenes dorsally raised or indistinctly 2-grooved.		11 V. schensianum
+	Branchlets of previous year yellow-white; leaves apically usually acute, rarely slightly obtuse; flowers mostly on rays of 2nd order, flowers appearing after leaves; pyrenes with 2 dorsal grooves.		2 V. burejaeticum
32 (30)	Corolla hypocrateriform.		3 V. carlesii
+	Corolla tubular-campanulate		(33)
33 (32)	Leaves broadly ovate or elliptic to rarely suborbicular, 2.5-5(-6) cm, apex acute or obtuse; petioles 4-10 mm; flowers usually on rays of 1st order; corolla yellow-white.		9 V. mongolicum
+	Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 7-15(-18) cm, apex acuminate to narrowly caudate; petioles 1-4 cm; flowers on rays from 3rd to 4th order; corolla purple outside.		12 V. urceolatum
34 (19)	Pyrenes globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, with or without a shallow and narrow ventral groove, absolutely not compressed; fruit blue-black or turning from blue to black; leaves evergreen, glabrous or subglabrous (3. V. sect. Tinus)		(35)
+	Pyrenes not as above; if ellipsoid then pyrenes with a deep ventral groove wide in upper part yet narrow in lower part; fruit red when mature, or turning from red to black, rarely yellow		(39)
35 (34)	Leaves pinnativeined.		16 V. atrocyaneum
+	Leaves triplinerved		(36)
36 (35)	Leaves apically obtuse to rounded, 2-6(-7.5) cm, margin entire; inflorescence peduncle ca. 1 cm.		20 V. triplinerve
+	Leaves apically acute to acuminate, margin entire or remotely serrate; inflorescence peduncle 1-3.5(-4) cm		(37)
37 (36)	Corolla white; old leaves thickly leathery; veinlets adaxially deeply impressed, obviously rugose; anthers reddish black.		18 V. davidii
+	Corolla greenish white or yellowish green; old leaves leathery; veinlets adaxially sometimes slightly impressed, not obviously rugose; anthers yellow		(38)
38 (37)	Shrubs 1-2 m tall; inflorescence 2-7 cm in diam., glabrous; leaves 3-9(-11) cm, margin usually remotely serrate.		19 V. propinquum
+	Shrubs or small trees 3-6 m tall; inflorescence 6-15 cm in diam.; leaves 6-13(-18) cm, margin entire or occasionally remotely serrate toward apex.		17 V. cinnamomifolium
39 (34)	Winter buds surrounded by 2 pairs of connate scales; leaves 3-5-lobed; petiolar apex or leaf base adaxially with 1-4 conspicuous glands (8. V. sect. Opulus)		(40)
+	Winter buds with 1 or 2 pairs of separate scales; glands absent at petiolar apex or leaf base adaxially, but abaxially sometimes with circular glands on both sides of midvein near base		(41)
40 (39)	Inflorescence without large sterile flowers; leaves 3-5-lobed; petioles not longer than 2.5 cm.		72 V. koreanum
+	Inflorescence with large sterile flowers on margin; leaves usually 3-lobed or those in upper part of branchlets undivided; petioles 1-5 cm.		73 V. opulus
41 (39)	Leaves palmately 3-5-lobed, palmatinerved (7. V. sect. Odontotinus, p.p.).		62 V. kansuense
+	Leaves not divided or 2- or 3-lobed, mostly pinnativeined, sometimes 2 lateral veins at base appearing triplinerved		(42)
42 (41)	Inflorescence with large sterile flowers; fruit maturing from green to red then black; pyrenes with 1 ventral groove broad in upper part yet narrow in lower part (5. V. sect. Tomentosa)		(43)
+	Inflorescence without large sterile flowers; fruit maturing from green to red, rarely to black (if so see V. cylindricum, V. lutescens, and V. punctatum); pyrenes usually compressed, usually with shallow ventral and dorsal grooves		(44)
43 (42)	Leaves with more than 10 pairs of lateral veins; peduncle with 6-8 rays; inflorescences at apices of short lateral branches.		40 V. plicatum
+	Leaves with 5-7(-9) pairs of lateral veins; peduncle usually with 5 rays; inflorescence terminal.		39 V. hanceanum
44 (42)	Shrubs or small trees evergreen, rarely deciduous (if so see V. ternatum); stipules usually absent (but present in V. ternatum and V. inopinatum); winter buds with a pair of separate scales, very rarely naked (if so see V. punctatum) (6. V. sect. Megalotinus)		(45)
+	Shrubs, rarely small trees, deciduous, rarely evergreen; stipules sometimes present; winter buds with 2 pairs of separate scales (7. V. sect. Odontotinus, p.p.)		(53)
45 (44)	Winter buds naked; winter buds, abaxial leaf surfaces, inflorescences, and outside of corollas with lepidote scales.		47 V. punctatum
+	Winter buds 2-perulate; plant not lepidote		(46)
46 (45)	Lateral veins totally or at least partly ending in teeth; inflorescence at apices of lateral short branchlets with 1-jugate leaves		(47)
+	Lateral veins arched and anastomosing near margin, not directly ending in teeth; inflorescences at apices of branchlets with 1 to several pairs of leaves		(48)
47 (46)	Young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences yellow-brown stellate-tomentose; first node of inflorescence with 6 or 7 rays.		41 V. amplifolium
+	Plant glabrous throughout; first node of inflorescence with 4 or 5 rays.		44 V. laterale
48 (46)	Corolla campanulate; lobes short, erect; leaves abaxially with reddish or yellow glandular dots.		42 V. cylindricum
+	Corolla rotate		(49)
49 (48)	Leaf margin serrate, or sometimes serrate except at base, base not glandular spotted; stamens slightly exceeding corolla, filaments not folded in bud		(50)
+	Leaf margins entire or sometimes slightly dentate at apex, base often glandular spotted on midvein; stamens obviously exceeding corolla, filaments folded in bud		(51)
50 (49)	Branchlets and abaxial leaf surfaces sparsely stellate-pubescent, glabrescent; plant elsewhere subglabrous; leaves leathery; inflorescence a compound umbel-like or panicle-like cyme, fragrant.		46 V. lutescens
+	Branchlets, abaxial leaf surfaces, petioles, peduncles, pedicels, and calyces yellow- brown stellate-tomentose; leaves papery; inflorescence a pyramidal panicle composed of 2-4 layers of umbels, not fragrant.		48 V. pyramidatum
51 (49)	Leaves often whorled, 3 per whorl; stipules 2, persistent; inflorescence peduncle nearly absent.		49 V. ternatum
+	Leaves opposite; stipules absent or 2, caducous; inflorescence peduncle (1-)1.5-3 cm, rarely absent		(52)
52 (51)	Leaves pubescent or only so on veins, papery; calyx tube glabrous.		45 V. leiocarpum
+	Leaves thickly stellate-tomentose, leathery; calyx tube stellate-tomentose.		43 V. inopinatum
53 (44)	Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 9-19(-27) × 1-4 cm, irregularly or remotely serrate, sometimes subentire; pyrenes compressed, subquadrangular or slightly rectangular		(54)
+	Leaf blade orbicular, ovate to elliptic-oblong, obovate, or rhombic-ovate, rarely broadly oblong-lanceolate, generally less than 10 cm, margin dentate, serrate, denticulate, or entire, if more than 10 cm then more than 4 cm wide and with margin dentate, or less than 4 cm wide and with margin entire (see V. integrifolium); pyrenes obovoid, ovoid, ellipsoid-ovoid, or ellipsoid		(55)
54 (53)	Young branchlets, leaves, petioles, and inflorescence axes glabrous; leaves with ca. 6 pairs of lateral veins.		71 V. squamulosum
+	Young branchlets, veins on abaxial leaf surfaces, petioles, and inflorescence axes stellate-pubescent; leaves with 7-12 pairs of lateral veins.		63 V. lancifolium
55 (53)	Leaf margin entire, possibly remotely serrate or remotely dentate above middle part		(56)
+	Leaf margin dentate, serrate, or denticulate, sometimes only so above 1/3 from base		(60)
56 (55)	Shrubs deciduous; inflorescence peduncle more than 2 cm		(57)
+	Shrubs evergreen; inflorescence peduncle less than 2 cm or nearly absent		(58)
57 (56)	Leaves glabrous on both sides, margin entire, apex abruptly narrowed and long caudate, petiole green; style not exceeding calyx lobes.		61 V. integrifolium
+	Leaves stellate-pubescent at least abaxially, margin subentire, apex acute to shortly acuminate, petiole reddish purple; style exceeding calyx lobes.		56 V. foetidum
58 (56)	Leaves abaxially with both golden yellow glandular dots and red-brown to black-brown glandular dots, adaxially usually not nigrescent when dry.		51 V. chunii
+	Leaves with black or brown glandular dots, nigrescent when dry		(59)
59 (58)	Calyx tube stellate-pubescent; leaves subleathery; fruit acute at apex.		59 V. hainanense
+	Calyx tube glabrous; leaves leathery; fruit rounded at apex.		69 V. sempervirens
60 (55)	Leaves with 2-4 pairs of lateral veins, basal pair often appearing triplinerved		(61)
+	Leaves with more than 5 pairs of pinnate lateral veins		(62)
61 (60)	Leaf blade 0.8-3 cm, apex rounded or slightly acute; inflorescence ca. 2.5 cm in diam., peduncles ca. 5 mm; pyrenes with 1 ventral groove.		68 V. parvifolium
+	Leaf blade 4-10 cm, apex acute to shortly acuminate; inflorescence 5-8 cm in diam., peduncles 2-5 cm; pyrenes with 3 ventral grooves.		56 V. foetidum
62 (60)	Corolla outside glabrous or subglabrous, very rarely hairy in bud but later glabrescent (cf. V. betulifolium)		(63)
+	Corolla sparsely or densely stellate-pubescent		(68)
63 (62)	Inflorescence or infructescence nodding; leaves nigrescent or slightly pale black when dry.		70 V. setigerum
+	Inflorescence or infructescence not nodding; leaves not nigrescent when dry		(64)
64 (63)	Inflorescence peduncles (5-)6-10(-12.5) cm.		60 V. hengshanicum
+	Inflorescence peduncles shorter than 5 cm		(65)
65 (64)	Petioles more than 1 cm; inflorescence 4-12 cm in diam		(66)
+	Petiole less than 15 mm, inflorescence less than 4 cm in diam		(67)
66 (65)	Stipules caducous, or absent; first node of inflorescence usually with 5 rays; flowers on rays of 2nd and 3rd orders; fruit dark purple-red, maturing black, ellipsoid; branchlet of current year grayish black.		66 V. melanocarpum
+	Stipules persistent, often present; first node of inflorescence usually with 7 rays; flowers on rays from 3rd to 5th orders; fruit red, globose; branchlet of current year purple-brown.		50 V. betulifolium
67 (65)	Stipules absent, petiole 5-15 mm, leaf blade ovate, apex caudate.		58 V. formosanum
+	Stipules present or absent, petiole 3-5 mm, leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, ovate- oblong, narrowly ovate, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate or acute.		55 V. erosum
68 (62)	Leaves abaxially with yellow or yellowish or nearly colorless transparent glandular dots		(69)
+	Leaves abaxially without glandular dots		(70)
69 (68)	Petiole 1-3 cm, stellate pubescent or simple hairs less than 1 mm; calyx tube stellate-pubescent, flowers fragrant; plant 2.5-5 m tall.		54 V. dilatatum
+	Petiole 0.5-1 cm, densely yellowish brown bristlelike hairy; calyx tube with simple hairs, flowers not fragrant; plant 1-2 m tall.		52 V. corylifolium
70 (68)	Leaves adaxially with transparent or dispersed red-brown glandular dots		(71)
+	Leaves adaxially without glandular dots		(72)
71 (70)	Leaf blade abaxially densely stellate-pubescent, adaxially with dispersed red- brown glandular dots; inflorescence peduncle 1-3.5 cm or very rarely nearly absent; pyrenes compressed, ovoid, ca. 6 × 4 mm, with 1 dorsal groove and 2 ventral grooves.		57 V. fordiae
+	Leaf blade abaxially sparsely stellate-pubescent or forklike pubescent, adaxially with transparent glandular dots; inflorescence peduncle usually very short or nearly absent, very rarely to 1.5 cm; pyrenes very compressed, ovoid, 4-5 × 3-4 mm, with 3 shallow dorsal grooves and 2 shallow ventral grooves.		65 V. luzonicum
72 (70)	Leaf blade abaxially glabrous except midvein and lateral veins yellow-brown bristlelike hairy; lateral veins 8-12-jugate.		53 V. dalzielii
+	Leaf blade abaxially stellate-pubescent, or only so in vein axils; lateral veins 5-9-jugate		(73)
73 (72)	Styles very short, shorter than calyx lobes; corolla lobes nearly as long as tube; stamens shorter than corolla; pyrenes 4-6 mm; leaf margin serrate.		67 V. mullaha
+	Styles exceeding calyx lobes; corolla lobes longer than tube; stamens equaling or slightly exceeding corolla; pyrenes 6-7.5 mm; leaf margin crenate.		64 V. longiradiatum