1 |
Leaves of each pair very unequal, the larger over 5 times as long as the smaller. |
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(2) |
+ |
Leaves of each pair subequal or unequal but less than 5 times in size. |
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(4) |
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2 (1) |
Minor leaves of each pair strongly reduced, less than ca. 1 cm, sometimes absent, margin serrulate; male flowers borne around axis of inflorescence. |
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73 P. pellionioides |
+ |
Minor leaves of each pair conspicuous, more than ca. 1 cm, margin entire or subentire; male flowers borne along side of inflorescence. |
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(3) |
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3 (2) |
Leaf blade at least on upper stem base distinctly peltate, lateral veins U-shaped at base; achene verrucose. |
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71 P. insolens |
+ |
Leaf blade basifixed, lateral veins spreading; achene smooth. |
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72 P. anisophylla |
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4 (1) |
Plants with at least some multicellular hairs. |
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(5) |
+ |
Plants with unicellular hairs or glabrous. |
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(9) |
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5 (4) |
Inflorescences usually unbranched, moniliform, sometimes few branched; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, with incurved deeply serrate acumen. |
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70 P. medogensis |
+ |
Inflorescences cymose or branched; leaf blade ovate or lanceolate with entire or shallowly serrulate acumen. |
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(6) |
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6 (5) |
Inflorescences dichotomously cymose or cymose-paniculate, 1-2 cm; stipules triangular, ca. 1 mm. |
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(7) |
+ |
Inflorescences paniculate, 8-16 cm; stipules oblong or lanceolate, ca. 5 mm. |
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(8) |
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|
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7 (6) |
Male flowers in bud pear-shaped, ca. 1.2 mm, with a beak at apex; leaf blade ovate, cystoliths fusiform, conspicuous only along veins abaxially. |
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66 P. rostellata |
+ |
Male flowers in bud globose, ca. 0.7 mm, corniculate below apex; leaf blade narrowly ovate or lanceolate, cystoliths short fusiform or subpunctate, dense on both surfaces. |
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67 P. salwinensis |
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8 (6) |
Leaves unequally paired, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-12 × 2-9 cm; petiole 0.6-4.5 cm; achene ca. 0.6 mm. |
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68 P. umbrosa |
+ |
Leaves strongly unequally paired, ovate to oblong-ovate, 6-9 × 3.5-4.5 cm; petiole 0-1.5 cm, small leaf sessile; achene ca. 1 mm. |
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69 P. multicellularis |
|
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9 (4) |
Male flowers 2-merous; inflorescences cincinnus. |
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(10) |
+ |
Male flowers 4-merous; inflorescences not cincinnus. |
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(11) |
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10 (9) |
Stipules soon deciduous, ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm; female perianth lobes 3, subequal or abaxial lobe the shortest; achene with colored dots. |
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64 P. pumila |
+ |
Stipules persistent, orbicular or subcordate, 2.5-4 mm; female perianth lobes 3, strongly unequal, abaxial lobe the longest, ca. 10 times as long as the lateral 2 lobes; achene without colored dots. |
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65 P. pauciflora |
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11 (9) |
Leaf blade, all or some, peltate. |
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(12) |
+ |
Leaf blade basifixed. |
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(15) |
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12 (11) |
Leaves submembranous or thinly papery. |
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(13) |
+ |
Leaves succulent, papery or thickly papery when dried. |
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(14) |
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13 (12) |
Stems to 100 cm tall; leaf blade peltate, base often truncate; male inflorescences 3-11 cm. |
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53 P. paniculigera |
+ |
Stems ca. 25 cm tall; leaf blade unequally paired, only major one peltate; male inflorescences 1.5-3.5 cm. |
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54 P. racemiformis |
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14 (12) |
Stems 10-40 cm tall, internodes compact; leaf blade suborbicular, apex subrounded; stipule ca. 7 mm; male inflorescences 10-28 cm. |
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55 P. peperomioides |
+ |
Stems 5-27 cm, internodes 1-4 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate or suborbicular, apex acute or short acuminate; stipule ca. 1 mm; male inflorescences 3-4 cm. |
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56 P. peltata |
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15 (11) |
Male inflorescences capitate or subcapitate, glomerules sometimes arranged on racemose branches. |
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(16) |
+ |
Male inflorescences dichotomously cymose, cymose-paniculate, or moniliform spicate, but not capitate. |
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(22) |
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16 (15) |
Plants with tubers. |
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(17) |
+ |
Plants without tubers. |
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(18) |
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17 (16) |
Tubers globose, whitish gray, 3-20 mm in diam.; leaves on middle and upper nodes, ovate or rhombic-ovate, apex obtuse or acute. |
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62 P. racemosa |
+ |
Tubers at base of stem or sometimes at rhizome nodes conic, brownish, 5-10 mm in diam.; leaves crowded at stem apex, often 4-6 in whorl, ovate to lanceolate, apex acuminate (acute in upper leaves of var. incisoserrata). |
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63 P. approximata |
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18 (16) |
Leaf blade succulent, broadly ovate, rhombic, or orbicular. |
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(19) |
+ |
Leaf blade not succulent, ovate or linear. |
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(20) |
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19 (18) |
Herbs erect; leaf blade 8-20 × 6-18 mm, base often broadly cuneate or rounded; petiole 5-20 mm; male perianth lobes not corniculate at apex. |
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60 P. cavaleriei |
+ |
Herbs prostrate; leaf blade 4-8 × 4-8.5 mm, base truncate; petiole 0.2-0.6 mm; male perianth lobes corniculate below apex. |
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61 P. sinocrassifolia |
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20 (18) |
Herbs 5-10 cm tall, simple; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-linear, membranous, margin entire or shallowly 1-lobed in middle part. |
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59 P. linearifolia |
+ |
Herbs 10-35 cm tall, much branched; leaf blade ovate or lanceolate, rarely linear, ± papery, margin serrate. |
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(21) |
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21 (20) |
Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 2-5 × 0.4-1 cm, margin serrulate; female perianth lobes 3, abaxial lobe short corniculate below apex. |
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57 P. bambusifolia |
+ |
Leaf blade ovate, 0.7-2.5 × 0.6-1 cm, margin obtusely 2-4-serrate; female perianth lobes 3, abaxial lobe strongly recurved corniculate below apex. |
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58 P. unciformis |
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22 (15) |
Male inflorescences moniliform spicate of remote glomerules; stipules triangular, persistent. |
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(23) |
+ |
Male inflorescences dichotomously cymose; stipules different forms, persistent or deciduous. |
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(26) |
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23 (22) |
Plants 50-150 cm tall; leaf blade 5-13 × 3-7 cm, margin coarsely serrate; achene ca. 1.8 mm. |
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51 P. monilifera |
+ |
Plants 3-20(-40) cm tall; leaf blade 1-6 × 0.5-3 cm, margin entire or sparsely crenate; achene 0.4-0.6 mm. |
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(24) |
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24 (23) |
Leaf blade cordate, 0.6-1.5 × 0.5-1.4 cm, margin 4-6-crenate each side; male inflorescences 0.5-1.2 cm; achene with a colored dotted circle. |
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52 P. microcardia |
+ |
Leaf blade 1.5-6 cm, margin entire; male inflorescences ca. 2 cm or more; achene verrucose. |
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(25) |
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25 (24) |
Leaf blade broadly elliptic or rhombic-orbicular; male inflorescences 2-5 cm; female ones capitate; achene inconspicuously verrucose. |
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49 P. media |
+ |
Leaf blade rhombic-elliptic or rhombic-lanceolate; male inflorescences ca. 2 cm; female ones racemose; achene spinulose-verrucose. |
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50 P. elegantissima |
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26 (22) |
Female perianth lobes usually equal in size (unequal in P. hookeriana), connate 1/2 of length or to apex, often obtuse at apex. |
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(27) |
+ |
Female perianth lobes unequal in size, free or connate at base, often acute at apex. |
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(31) |
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27 (26) |
Stipules soon deciduous, oblong, 7-20 mm. |
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(28) |
+ |
Stipules persistent, triangular, 1-2(-4) mm. |
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(30) |
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28 (27) |
Stipules interpetiolar; male inflorescence unbranched, capitate or moniliform; female perianth lobes unequal. |
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44 P. hookeriana |
+ |
Stipules intrapetiolar; male inflorescence cymose, branched; female perianth lobes equal. |
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(29) |
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29 (28) |
Leaf blade membranous or herbaceous, margin coarsely serrate, cystoliths fusiform, 0.3-0.4 mm; achene 1.2-1.6 mm. |
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45 P. angulata |
+ |
Leaf blade papery, margin serrulate, cystoliths linear, 0.5-0.6 mm; achene ca. 0.8 mm. |
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46 P. notata |
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30 (27) |
Leaf blade acuminate or short caudate, margin 18-24-crenate. |
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16 P. verrucosa |
+ |
Leaf blade caudate or long caudate, margin less than 15-dentate. |
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47 P. sinofasciata |
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31 (26) |
Female inflorescences dichotomously cymose, sometimes compacted into clusters; male inflorescences dichotomously cymose, or cymose-paniculate; achene subglobose; basal veins on leaf blade prominent adaxially. |
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(32) |
+ |
Female and male inflorescences all cymose-paniculate; achene ovoid or oblong; basal veins on leaf blade even or sunken adaxially. |
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(42) |
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32 (31) |
Stipules cordate or oblong-ovate, 3-8 mm; male inflorescences solitary, cymose-paniculate. |
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(33) |
+ |
Stipules triangular, 1-2(-4) mm; male inflorescences in pairs (solitary in P. matsudae), dichotomously cymose. |
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(37) |
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33 (32) |
Male inflorescences often shorter or sometimes slightly longer than petioles; stipules oblong-ovate. |
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(34) |
+ |
Male inflorescences often longer than petioles; stipules cordate. |
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(35) |
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34 (33) |
Leaf blade membranous, oblong or elliptic, 9-15 × 5-8 cm. |
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23 P. elliptilimba |
+ |
Leaf blade papery, elliptic-lanceolate, 3-7 × 1.2-2.3 cm. |
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24 P. chartacea |
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35 (33) |
Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate. |
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20 P. aquarum |
+ |
Leaf blade obovate-oblong. |
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(36) |
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36 (35) |
Stems with several sinuately membranous wings, glabrous; female cymes 1-1.5 cm. |
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22 P. subcoriacea |
+ |
Stems without wings, densely pubescent; female cymes 2-5 cm. |
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21 P. cordistipulata |
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37 (32) |
Leaf blade ± leathery; male cymes often longer than leaves. |
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25 P. lomatogramma |
+ |
Leaf blade often membranous; male cymes or cymose panicles shorter than leaves. |
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(38) |
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38 (37) |
Male inflorescences shorter than petioles; leaf blade broadly elliptic or ovate, margin coarsely serrate. |
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(39) |
+ |
Male inflorescences often longer than petioles; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, margin serrate, crenate-serrate, or serrulate. |
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(40) |
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39 (38) |
Plants densely pubescent; male cymes in compact clusters. |
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19 P. villicaulis |
+ |
Plants subglabrous; male cymes in panicles. |
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48 P. matsudae |
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40 (38) |
Leaf blade unequally paired, usually elliptic, base narrowly cuneate, margin serrulate or rarely subentire; achene ca. 1.8 mm. |
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18 P. somae |
+ |
Leaf blade subequally paired, elliptic to lanceolate, base cuneate or subrounded, margin serrate or crenate-serrate; achene 0.7-0.8 mm. |
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(41) |
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41 (40) |
Leaf blade sparsely pilose adaxially, often 3-veined, rarely triplinerved; male perianth lobes acute without corniculate appendix at apex; plants dioecious. |
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16 P. verrucosa |
+ |
Leaf blade glabrous, triplinerved; male perianth lobes corniculate at apex; herbs monoecious. |
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17 P. rotundinucula |
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42 (31) |
Stipules oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 mm. |
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(43) |
+ |
Stipules triangular, 1-2(-3) mm (to 5 mm in P. longipedunculata). |
|
(47) |
|
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43 (42) |
Stipules brownish, 4-8 mm; leaf margin serrate; achene smooth. |
|
(44) |
+ |
Stipules greenish, 5-12 mm; leaf margin sharply serrulate or crenate; achene with a colored ring or smooth. |
|
(45) |
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44 (43) |
Upper stems and petioles glabrous or puberulent; leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, asymmetric; inflorescences longer than petioles. |
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26 P. martini |
+ |
Stems and petioles densely spreading villous; leaf blade oblong-elliptic; inflorescences shorter than petioles. |
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27 P. menghaiensis |
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45 (43) |
Achene with a colored ring; leaf margin shallowly but sharply serrulate, sometimes ciliate. |
|
30 P. bracteosa |
+ |
Achene smooth; leaf margin crenate. |
|
(46) |
|
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46 (45) |
Plants 30-80 cm tall; leaf blade 7-16 × 4-8 cm, oblique; stipules 8-12 mm. |
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28 P. cordifolia |
+ |
Plants 10-25 cm tall; leaf blade 1-3 × 0.6-2.5 cm, not oblique; stipules 4-5 mm. |
|
29 P. oxyodon |
|
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|
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47 (42) |
Male inflorescences shorter than leaves. |
|
(48) |
+ |
Male inflorescences longer than leaves. |
|
(51) |
|
|
|
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48 (47) |
Male inflorescences slightly longer than petioles; cystoliths linear. |
|
(49) |
+ |
Male inflorescences shorter than petioles; cystoliths subpunctate or very short botuliform. |
|
(50) |
|
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|
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49 (48) |
Leaf blade subequally paired, base broadly cuneate to emarginate, margin serrulate, terminal veins interruptedly thickened; achene oblique, verrucose, often with a colored ring by margin. |
|
31 P. scripta |
+ |
Leaf blade unequally paired, base auriculate or cordate, margin crenate, terminal veins not thickened; achene not oblique, smooth or finely reticulate. |
|
32 P. auricularis |
|
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|
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50 (48) |
Herbs weak or subshrubs, often climbing, glabrous; leaf apex acuminate, margin entire or shallowly serrate. |
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33 P. glaberrima |
+ |
Herbs robust, covered with dense brownish squamae; leaf apex caudate-acuminate; margin crenulate. |
|
34 P. squamosa |
|
|
|
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51 (47) |
Leaf margin entire or inconspicuously 1-3-serrulate near apex. |
|
(52) |
+ |
Leaf margin serrate. |
|
(54) |
|
|
|
|
52 (51) |
Achene strongly elevated as eyeball; leaf blade often falcate-lanceolate. |
|
41 P. longipedunculata |
+ |
Achene verrucose; leaf blade often ovate. |
|
(53) |
|
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|
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53 (52) |
Leaf blade narrowly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-13 × 2-5 cm, 2-serrulate apically, lateral veins transverse, regularly reticulate. |
|
42 P. subedentata |
+ |
Leaf blade ovate, lanceolate, or obovate-oblong, 1-15 × 0.6-5 cm, entire, lateral veins irregularly reticulate. |
|
43 P. plataniflora |
|
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54 (51) |
Male inflorescences rather longer than leaves; achene with a colored circle or strongly elevated as eyeball. |
|
(55) |
+ |
Male inflorescences not or slightly longer than leaves; achene smooth or dotted but without colored circle. |
|
(56) |
|
|
|
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55 (54) |
Herbs to 2 m tall; leaf blade elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, symmetric, 10-25 × 5-16 cm; male inflorescences 15-35 cm. |
|
39 P. melastomoides |
+ |
Herbs 15-35(-80) cm tall; leaf blade broadly ovate or elliptic, somewhat asymmetric, 5-12(-18) × 2.5-5(-8) cm; male inflorescences 8-14 cm. |
|
40 P. howelliana |
|
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|
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56 (54) |
Leaf base rounded to subcordate; male perianth lobes beaked at apex; achene oblique at apex. |
|
(57) |
+ |
Leaf base cordate; male perianth lobes acute; achene not oblique. |
|
(58) |
|
|
|
|
57 (56) |
Herbs 20-30 cm tall; leaf blade 2-6.5 × 1.5-2.5 cm; achene ca. 1 mm, smooth. |
|
35 P. wightii |
+ |
Herbs 30-120 cm tall; leaf blade 4-14 × 2-7 cm; achene ca. 1.5 mm, smooth, often purplish dotted. |
|
36 P. symmeria |
|
|
|
|
58 (56) |
Leaf blade lanceolate, margin sinuate-crenate; female inflorescences 5-11 cm; achene ca. 2 mm, enclosed by equal perianth lobes. |
|
37 P. macrocarpa |
+ |
Leaf blade usually falcate-lanceolate, margin sharply serrate; female inflorescences 1.5-4 cm; achene ca. 1 mm, enclosed by unequal perianth lobes. |
|
38 P. semisessilis |
|