1	Leaf blade thick, fleshy; plants usually on saline or alkaline soils		(2)
+	Leaf blade thin, not fleshy; plants not on saline or alkaline soils		(10)
2 (1)	Flowering stems procumbent to ascending; receptacle usually naked.		92 S. famintziniana
+	Flowering stems erect; receptacle with bristles		(3)
3 (2)	Leaf blade bipinnately divided or pinnatisect, secondary segments linear		(4)
+	Leaf blade pinnately divided, pinnately lobed, lyrate-pinnately lobed, or undivided with a sinuate-dentate margin		(5)
4 (3)	Leaf blade glabrous or hispidulous; capitula 6-10 mm in diam.; outer phyllaries glabrous, apex acuminate.		93 S. lacostei
+	Leaf blade strigose or arachnoid; capitula 4-5 mm in diam.; outer phyllaries pubescent, apex subobtuse.		94 S. turgaiensis
5 (3)	Plants grayish green; achene with a short crown		(6)
+	Plants green; achene without a crown		(8)
6 (5)	Capitula numerous, in a densely congested corymbiform hemispheric synflorescence; stem 4-20(-30) cm tall; leaves to 3 cm wide.		97 S. daurica
+	Capitula solitary or few on branch ends; stem 15-50 cm tall; leaves 0.4-1.5 cm wide		(7)
7 (6)	Leaf blade ovate, rhombic, obovate, or elliptic.		95 S. pseudosalsa
+	Leaf blade linear or narrowly elliptic.		96 S. aerjingensis
8 (5)	Lower stem leaves pinnately cleft or pinnately divided; outer pappus bristles persistent.		99 S. kaschgarica
+	Lower stem leaves lyrate-pinnately lobed or lyrate-pinnately divided; outer pappus bristles caducous		(9)
9 (8)	Terminal lobe of leaf blade large, triangular, sagittate, or hastate.		98 S. salsa
+	Terminal lobe of leaf blade smaller, narrowly ovate to elliptic.		100 S. maximowiczii
10 (1)	Leaf sheath and base of petiole adaxially densely white lanate.		101 S. pulvinata
+	Leaf sheath and base of petiole adaxially glabrous		(11)
11 (10)	Achene transversely rugose; capitula large, broadly obconic, 1-2 cm in diam.; corolla more than 1.8 cm.		102 S. pulchra
+	Achene not transversely rugose; capitula smaller, cylindric to narrowly campanulate, usually less than 1 cm in diam.; corolla usually less than 1.5 cm		(12)
12 (11)	Phyllaries with apex acuminate and with a long conspicuous mucro		(13)
+	Phyllaries with apex obtuse, acute, or shortly acuminate or with a short mucro		(15)
13 (12)	Leaf blade green and glabrous on both surfaces; capitula pendent.		105 S. alberti
+	Leaf blade abaxially grayish green, arachnoid or tomentose; capitula erect		(14)
14 (13)	Leaf blade narrowly ovate or narrowly ovate-oblong, pinnately lobed, or undivided and margin sinuate-dentate.		106 S. larionowii
+	Leaf blade linear, undivided, margin entire.		107 S. mucronulata
15 (12)	Perennial herbs, densely or laxly caespitose, or subshrubs; caudex or rootstock woody, branched; stems several to many		(16)
+	Perennial herbs, not caespitose, without a woody caudex or rootstock, rhizomatous; stem solitary		(28)
16 (15)	Leaf blade pinnately lobed, pinnatisect, or bipinnatisect		(17)
+	Leaf blade undivided, margin entire, sinuate-dentate, dentate, or denticulate		(22)
17 (16)	Leaf blade clearly bipinnatisect; segments 11-13 pairs.		119 S. deserticola
+	Leaf blade pinnatisect or pinnately lobed; segments 2-5 pairs		(18)
18 (17)	Leaf blade segments subulate, linear, or narrowly triangular		(19)
+	Leaf blade segments ovate, elliptic, or triangular-ovate		(20)
19 (18)	Leaf blade of lower stem leaves sparsely gland-dotted on both surfaces otherwise glabrous; leaf blade segments 2 or 3 pairs, subulate; phyllaries in 7 or 8 rows.		117 S. yabulaiensis
+	Leaf blade of lower stem leaves sparsely arachnoid and glandular on both surfaces; leaf blade segments 3-5 pairs, linear or narrowly triangular; phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows.		118 S. mae
20 (18)	Involucre cylindric, 4-5 mm in diam.		110 S. kanzanensis
+	Involucre campanulate, 7-10 mm in diam		(21)
21 (20)	Leaf blade elliptic, pinnately lobed to pinnatisect.		109 S. blanda
+	Leaf blade obovate, pinnately dentate to lyrate-pinnately lobed.		115 S. salemannii
22 (16)	Capitula solitary or 2, at end of stem or branches.		116 S. popovii
+	Capitula few, in a corymbiform synflorescence		(23)
23 (22)	Leaf blade grayish white and tomentose on both surfaces		(24)
+	Leaf blade abaxially green and subglabrous or grayish white tomentose, adaxially green and subglabrous		(25)
24 (23)	Leaf margin entire.		112 S. cana
+	Leaf margin sinuate-dentate.		114 S. canescens
25 (23)	Leaf blade linear or narrowly linear, 5 mm wide or less		(26)
+	Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate, or oblong, more than 10 mm wide		(27)
26 (25)	Leaf blade narrowly linear, 1-4 mm wide, margin dentate.		113 S. petrovii
+	Leaf blade linear, 2-5 mm wide, margin entire.		120 S. salicifolia
27 (25)	Phyllaries not with a dark margin, apex acuminate and shortly mucronate; leaf blade abaxially pale or grayish green and glabrous or pubescent.		108 S. coronata
+	Phyllaries with a narrow dark margin, apex obtuse to rounded; leaf blade abaxially grayish white and densely arachnoid tomentose.		121 S. lomatolepis
28 (15)	Leaf blade green, concolorous or abaxially paler green, abaxially sparsely strigose or glabrous		(29)
+	Leaf blade abaxially grayish white or grayish green and densely tomentose, arachnoid, or pubescent, adaxially green		(37)
29 (28)	Leaf blade pinnately dentate to pinnatisect		(30)
+	Leaf blade undivided		(32)
30 (29)	Leaf blade pinnately lobed or pinnately dentate.		135 S. tianshuiensis
+	Leaf blade pinnatisect		(31)
31 (30)	Involucre tubular, 5-8 mm in diam.		133 S. acroura
+	Involucre campanulate to globose, 10-15 mm in diam		134 S. megaphylla
32 (29)	Plants shortly stemmed, at most ca. 0.2 m tall.		103 S. ovata
+	Plants with tall stems, 0.3-2 m tall		(33)
33 (32)	Plants 1-2 m tall; stem ca. 1 cm in diam. at base.		111 S. elata
+	Plants to 1.4 m tall; stem less than 1 cm in diam. at base		(34)
34 (33)	Middle stem leaves triangular-ovate with a truncate base; phyllaries arachnoid lanate, apex reflexed and herbaceous.		127 S. sutchuenensis
+	Middle stem leaves elliptic or narrowly elliptic; phyllaries glabrous, sparsely arachnoid, or only apically bearded and surface scarious, apex erect and not herbaceous		(35)
35 (34)	Leaves sessile; leaf blade narrowly ovate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 1-2 cm wide.		124 S. zhuxiensis
+	Leaves petiolate; leaf blade elliptic, 3-7 cm wide		(36)
36 (35)	Capitula in a diffuse corymbiform- paniculiform synflorescence, long pedunculate.		128 S. dolichopoda
+	Capitula clustered at end of branches, in congested corymbiform synflorescence, shortly pedunculate.		129 S. saligna
37 (28)	Leaf blade pinnately lobed, pinnatisect, or lyrate		(38)
+	Leaf blade undivided and margin entire or dentate		(43)
38 (37)	Leaf blade lyrate-pinnatisect; plants less than 15 cm tall.		140 S. bartholomewii
+	Leaf blade not lyrate-pinnatisect; plants more than 15 cm tall		(39)
39 (38)	Stem and petioles winged.		136 S. pteridophylla
+	Stem and petioles unwinged		(40)
40 (39)	Stem usually with short sterile axillary shoots.		132 S. elegans
+	Stem without short sterile axillary shoots		(41)
41 (40)	Leaf blade bipinnately divided.		139 S. chrysanthemoides
+	Leaf blade pinnately lobed to pinnatisect		(42)
42 (41)	Middle stem leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of lobes, abaxially white and densely tomentose; involucre obconic, 6-8 mm in diam.		137 S. compta
+	Middle stem leaves with 4-14 pairs of lobes, abaxially grayish green and thinly arachnoid; involucre tubular, ca. 5 mm in diam.		138 S. variiloba
43 (37)	Leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, elliptic, or oblong, more than 3 cm wide		(44)
+	Leaf blade narrowly oblong, narrowly ovate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or linear, less than 3 cm wide		(46)
44 (43)	Leaves shortly petiolate (to 1 cm); leaf blade broadly ovate, margin sharply serrate; synflorescence supported by uppermost stem leaves.		104 S. licentiana
+	Leaves long petiolate (2.5-5 cm); leaf blade ovate, elliptic, or narrowly ovate-elliptic, margin denticulate or sinuate-dentate; synflorescence not supported by uppermost stem leaves		(45)
45 (44)	Petiole unwinged; involucre narrowly cylindric, (3-)5-8 mm in diam.; phyllaries straw-colored, subglabrous, without a dark mucro.		130 S. conyzoides
+	Petiole winged; involucre narrowly campanulate, 8-10 mm in diam.; phyllaries whitish, arachnoid, with a dark mucro.		131 S. flexuosa
46 (43)	Leaf blade linear, less than 1 cm wide.		126 S. integrifolia
+	Leaf blade narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, 1.5-3 cm wide		(47)
47 (46)	Stem winged; leaf base decurrent, margin usually entire.		125 S. virgata
+	Stem unwinged; leaf base not decurrent, margin sinuate-dentate		(48)
48 (47)	Plants 60-100 cm tall; middle stem leaves petiolate; capitula very numerous, in an ample paniculiform-corymbiform synflorescence.		122 S. polycephala
+	Plants 30-75 cm tall; middle stem leaves sessile; capitula 10-20, in a compact corymbiform synflorescence.		123 S. chinensis