| 1 |
Plants dioecious or nearly so; common invasive weed |
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2 Cirsium arvense |
| + |
Plants with bisexual florets |
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(2) |
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| 2 (1) |
Bases of mid cauline leaves long-decurrent as spiny wings |
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(3) |
| + |
Bases of mid cauline leaves not decurrent or decurrent as spiny wings to 5 cm |
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(4) |
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| 3 (2) |
Heads crowded at stem tips, peduncles 0–1 cm; invasive weed in wetlands, north- ern forests, British Columbia |
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3 Cirsium palustre |
| + |
Heads in open paniculifrom arrays, borne singly on slender peduncles 1–15 cm; se Arizona, New Mexico |
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33 Cirsium wrightii |
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| 4 (2) |
Heads nodding; adaxial leaf faces glandular or not |
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(5) |
| + |
Heads usually erect; adaxial leaf faces usually not glandular |
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(9) |
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| 5 (4) |
Adaxial leaf faces densely puberulent with mixture of short, multicellular, ± glandular trichomes and finer, arachnoid, non-septate trichomes; serpentine wetlands, coast ranges, c California |
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59 Cirsium fontinale |
| + |
Adaxial leaf faces glabrous |
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(6) |
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| 6 (5) |
Involucres densely tomentose; Rocky Mountains and high peaks of inter- mountain region |
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51 Cirsium eatonii (in part) |
| + |
Involucres glabrous |
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(7) |
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| 7 (6) |
Phyllaries maroon, drying dark brown or blackish; corollas rich rose- purple; s New Mexico |
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62 Cirsium vinaceum |
| + |
Phyllaries green, drying green or light brown; corollas dull white to pink or purple; n Arizona, s Utah |
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(8) |
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| 8 (7) |
Involucres 1.4–2 cm (excluding recurved outer phyllary apices that extend below involucre base); phyllary apices lance-ovate, rather abruptly contracted into recurved spines 3–25 mm, margins spar- ingly tomentose or glabrate; ne Arizona, se Utah |
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60 Cirsium rydbergii (in part) |
| + |
Involucres 2.5–4 cm (including spreading to curved-ascending phyllary apices); phyllary spices linear, spines 5–12 mm, margins scabridulous-ciliolate; ne Arizona, se Utah |
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61 Cirsium joannae (in part) |
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| 9 (4) |
Margins of outer phyllaries hispidulous-ciliolate, spiny-fringed, pinnately spiny, or with expanded, scarious appendages |
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(10) |
| + |
Margins of outer phyllaries usually entire (bracts subtending head usually spiny ). |
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(27) |
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| 10 (9) |
Heads usually not closely subtended by clustered leafy bracts, often each subtended by 1 leaf or borne on peduncles with much reduced bracts |
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(11) |
| + |
Heads usually closely subtended by clustered ± leafy bracts |
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(18) |
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| 11 (10) |
Midribs of outer and middle phyllaries forming an elongate glutinous ridge (milky when fresh, dark when dry); margins of outer phyllaries minutely spiny-ciliate |
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(12) |
| + |
Midribs of phyllaries not glandular or with narrow, inconspicuous glutinous ridge; margins of outer phyllaries usually ± conspicuously fringed or spiny-ciliate |
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(13) |
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| 12 (11) |
Corollas deep purple; Arizona, New Mexico |
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27 Cirsium grahamii |
| + |
Corollas pale rose-purple; coastal c California |
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35 Cirsium hydrophilum (in part) |
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| 13 (11) |
Phyllaries long-acicular; involucres usually ± densely arachnoid with fine, non-septate trichomes; heads often ± sessile in tight clusters at tips of main stem and branches; British Columbia to w Oregon |
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46 Cirsium edule (in part) |
| + |
Phyllaries not long-acicular; involucres glabrous or loosely floccose, or arachnoid with coarse, septate trichomes; heads borne singly or in various arrays |
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(14) |
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| 14 (13) |
Arrays racemiform, spiciform, or subcapitate, or plants forming low, rounded mounds; plants ± fleshy; usually ± wet habitats, widespread. |
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54 Cirsium scariosum (in part) |
| + |
Arrays ± openly branched; plants usually not fleshy |
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(15) |
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| 15 (14) |
Plants stout, usually 100–300 cm; stems 2–10 cm diam. near base, hollow; middle and inner phyllaries entire; San Joaquin Valley, California |
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34 Cirsium crassicaule (in part) |
| + |
Plants slender, usually 10–110 cm; stems usually less than 2 cm diam. at base, not hollow; middle and inner phyllaries often with fringed appendages |
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(16) |
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| 16 (15) |
Biennials; barren stony habitats, w Colorado |
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31 Cirsium perplexans |
| + |
Perennials, monocarpic or polycarpic; various habitats |
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(17) |
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| 17 (16) |
Corollas 16–20 mm; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming |
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30 Cirsium clavatum (in part) |
| + |
Corollas 18–28 mm; Washington to n California |
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32 Cirsium remotifolium (in part) |
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| 18 (10) |
Leaf faces closely gray-white felty-tomentose, margins very prominently undu- late; dunes, headlands, s, c California |
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58 Cirsium rhothophilum |
| + |
Leaf faces glabrous to arachnoid-tomentose adaxially, sometimes white- or gray-tomentose abaxially, margins flat to undulate |
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(19) |
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| 19 (18) |
Corollas pale creamy yellow to bright yellow |
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(20) |
| + |
Corollas white to purple |
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(21) |
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| 20 (19) |
Biennials; basal and proximal cauline leaves absent at flowering; leaves unlobed or pinnatifid with lobes well separated, not overlapping; heads loosely to densely clustered at tips of main stem and branches, often also in distal leaf axils; involucres ± arachnoid, but not obscured by dense, woolly pubescence; corollas ± pale yellow; montane meadows, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico |
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50 Cirsium parryi |
| + |
Perennials; basal and proximal cauline leaves present at flowering; leaves regularly pinnatifid with closely spaced, ± overlapping lobes; heads borne in massive, heavy, commonly nodding terminal clusters or spikes; involucres ± concealed by dense, woolly pubescence; corollas bright yellow; subalpine and alpine, Colorado |
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51 Cirsium eatonii (in part) |
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| 21 (19) |
Involucres ± glabrous or very thinly arachnoid |
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(22) |
| + |
Involucres conspicuously arachnoid-tomentose |
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(24) |
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| 22 (21) |
Capitulescence open, many-headed, corymbiform or paniculiform; inner phyllaries erect or twisted, not expanded; San Joaquin Valley, California |
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34 Cirsium crassicaule (in part) |
| + |
Capitulescence racemiform, spiciform, or subcapitate, or plants forming low, rounded mounds; inner phyllaries often with expanded, erose, scarious tips |
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(23) |
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| 23 (22) |
Outer phyllaries erose to lacerate or spiny-fringed; mountains of w, c Montana |
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49 Cirsium longistylum |
| + |
Outer phyllaries usually not erose to lacerate; usually ± wet habitats, widespread |
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54 Cirsium scariosum (in part) |
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| 24 (21) |
Heads sessile or subsessile, crowded in dense subcapitate to spiciform arrays; Rocky Mountains and highpeaks of inter- mountain region |
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51 Cirsium eatonii (in part) |
| + |
Heads sessile to evidently pedunculate, not crowded in dense subcapitate to spiciform arrays |
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(25) |
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| 25 (24) |
Distal leaves ± stiff, wickedly spiny, spines stout, often 10–15 mm; most outer phyllaries spiny-margined; coastal n, c California |
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42 Cirsium andrewsii |
| + |
Distal leaves thin, ± weakly spiny, spines slender, usually less than 8 mm; few outer phyllaries spiny-margined |
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(26) |
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| 26 (25) |
Style tips conspicuously exserted beyond corolla lobes; British Columbia to w Oregon |
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46 Cirsium edule (in part) |
| + |
Style tips included or exserted only 1–2 mm beyond corolla lobes; British Columbia to coastal s California, Montana |
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47 Cirsium brevistylum (in part) |
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| 27 (9) |
Corolla lobes twice as long as corolla throat or longer; se California to s Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico |
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43 Cirsium arizonicum |
| + |
Corolla lobes shorter than to slightly exceeding corolla throat |
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(28) |
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| 28 (27) |
Corollas bright pink, red, or rich purple |
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(29) |
| + |
Corollas white to pale pink, lavender, or purple |
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(30) |
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| 29 (28) |
Heads usually crowded at branch tips; peduncles usually 0–4 cm; corollas abruptly expanded from tube to throat; usually wetland sites; California, Nevada, Oregon |
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36 Cirsium douglasii |
| + |
Heads usually borne singly; peduncles 1–30 cm; corollas gradually expanded from tube to throat; usually dry sites; California, Nevada, Oregon. |
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40 Cirsium occidentale (in part) |
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| 30 (28) |
Middle and outer phyllaries usually spreading to reflexed |
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(31) |
| + |
Middle and usually outer phyllaries appressed or stiffly ascending (sometimes spines abruptly spreading) |
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(44) |
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| 31 (30) |
Plants lush, lax; herbage essentially glabrous or glabrescent throughout; heads in paniculiform arrays; hanging gardens and canyon bottoms; n Arizona, s Utah |
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(32) |
| + |
Plants usually ± erect; herbage usually ± pubescent; heads in various arrays; widespread |
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(33) |
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| 32 (31) |
Involucres 1.4–2 cm (excluding recurved outer phyllary apices that extend below involucre base); phyllary apices lance-ovate, rather abruptly contracted into recurved spines 3–25 mm, margins sparingly tomentose or glabrate; ne Arizona, se Utah |
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60 Cirsium rydbergii (in part) |
| + |
Involucres 2.5–4 cm (including spreading to curved-ascending phyllary apices); phyllary apices linear, spines 5–12 mm, margins scabridulous-ciliolate; ne Arizona, se Utah |
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61 Cirsium joannae (in part) |
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| 33 (31) |
Leaves deeply 2–3–pinnately divided, lobes linear to linear-lanceolate; abaxial leaf faces glabrous to thinly tomentose and villous along major veins; e Utah, w Colorado |
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52 Cirsium ownbeyi |
| + |
Leaves shallowly to deeply pinnatifid; abaxial leaf faces usually thinly to densely tomentose |
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(34) |
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| 34 (33) |
Spines of principal phyllaries usually 7–20+ mm |
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(35) |
| + |
Spines of principal phyllaries usually 1–6 mm |
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(38) |
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| 35 (34) |
Perennials |
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(36) |
| + |
Biennials or short-lived monocarpic perennials |
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(37) |
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| 36 (35) |
Phyllaries thinly arachnoid or glabrate; e Idaho and ne Utah to Wyoming and nw Nebraska |
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29 Cirsium pulcherrimum (in part) |
| + |
Phyllaries densely and persistently arachnoid with slender trichomes connecting adjacent phyllaries; coastal bluffs, dunes, c California. |
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40 Cirsium occidentale (in part) |
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| 37 (35) |
Main spines of cauline leaves usually less than 8 mm; California. |
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40 Cirsium occidentale (in part) |
| + |
Main spines of cauline leaves usually 8–15 mm; deserts of sw United States |
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41 Cirsium neomexicanum |
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| 38 (34) |
At least some inner phyllaries usually fringed or spiny-toothed |
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(39) |
| + |
Phyllaries all entire |
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(40) |
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| 39 (38) |
Corollas 16–20 mm; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming |
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30 Cirsium clavatum (in part) |
| + |
Corollas 18–28 mm; Washington to n California |
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32 Cirsium remotifolium (in part) |
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| 40 (38) |
Biennials; heads usually in open corymbiform arrays |
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(41) |
| + |
Perennials; heads usually in ± congested flat-topped or racemiform arrays |
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(42) |
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| 41 (40) |
Abaxial face of outer and middle phyllaries with elongate glutinous ridge (milky when fresh, dark when dry); cauline leaves with decurrent wings 1–3 cm; Oregon and e California to w Wyoming |
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38 Cirsium inamoenum (in part) |
| + |
Abaxial face of outer and middle phyllaries without elongate glutinous ridge; cauline leaves not decurrent or spiny decurrent wings to 2 cm; California |
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40 Cirsium occidentale (in part) |
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| 42 (40) |
Principal cauline leaves decurrent 1.5–3.5 cm; e Idaho and ne Utah to Wyoming and nw Nebraska |
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29 Cirsium pulcherrimum (in part) |
| + |
Principal cauline leaves clasping or decurrent 1–10 mm |
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(43) |
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| 43 (42) |
Abaxial leaf faces densely gray-white tomentose; stems and leaves tomentose with fine, non-septate trichomes, septate trichomes absent; s Oregon, n California |
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20 Cirsium ciliolatum (in part) |
| + |
Abaxial leaf faces ± green, thinly tomentose; stems and leaves with mixture of fine, non-septate trichomes and coarser, septate trichomes, especially along stems and on midveins on abaxial leaf faces; widespread, n California to e Wyoming |
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39 Cirsium cymosum (in part) |
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| 44 (30) |
Leaves all basal or crowded on very short, densely leafy stems; heads ± sessile, closely subtended by rosette leaves |
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(45) |
| + |
Leaves basal and evidently cauline or all cauline; heads sessile or pedunculate, evidently raised above rosette leaves |
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(46) |
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| 45 (44) |
Biennials or short-lived monocarpic perennials, taprooted; usually ± wet habitats, widespread |
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54 Cirsium scariosum (in part) |
| + |
Perennials from creeping rootstocks; usually ± dry habitats; coastal c, n California |
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56 Cirsium quercetorum (in part) |
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| 46 (44) |
Phyllaries spines 10–20+ mm |
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(47) |
| + |
Phyllary spines usually less than 10 mm |
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(48) |
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| 47 (46) |
Plants persistently tomentose; heads usually not closely subtended by well- developed leaves |
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24 Cirsium ochrocentrum (in part) |
| + |
Plants sparsely arachnoid-tomentose, soon glabrescent; heads closely subtended by well-developed leaves; usually ± wet habitats, widespread |
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54 Cirsium scariosum (in part) |
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| 48 (46) |
Corollas usually 25–50 mm |
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(49) |
| + |
Corollas usually 16–25 mm |
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(61) |
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| 49 (48) |
Biennials or short-lived monocarpic perennials, taprooted |
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(50) |
| + |
Perennials, taprooted or from creeping runner roots |
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(52) |
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| 50 (49) |
Cauline leaves evidently decurrent |
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38 Cirsium inamoenum (in part) |
| + |
Cauline leaves not or only slightly decurrent. sometimes auriculate-clasping |
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(51) |
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| 51 (50) |
Heads sessile or short-pedunculate, often crowded in spiciform or racemiform arrays; usually ± wet habitats, widespread. |
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54 Cirsium scariosum (in part) |
| + |
Heads usually evidently pedunculate, usually in ± open, corymbiform arrays; usually dry sites, Oregon and California to w Wyoming |
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39 Cirsium cymosum (in part) |
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| 52 (49) |
Corollas purple |
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(53) |
| + |
Corollas white to pink or lavender |
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(56) |
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| 53 (52) |
Phyllaries usually ovate; abaxial face of outer and middle phyllaries without elongate glutinous ridge; coastal n, c California. |
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56 Cirsium quercetorum (in part) |
| + |
Phyllaries usually lanceolate; abaxial face of outer and middle phyllaries with elongate glutinous ridge (milky when fresh, dark when dry) |
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(54) |
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| 54 (53) |
Cauline leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, shallowly lobed to pinnatifid; cypselae 3–5 mm, apical collar straw-colored; root sprouts arising from horizontal runner roots; se British Columbia to n Colorado, Great Plains |
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18 Cirsium flodmanii (in part) |
| + |
Cauline leaves ovate to elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, subentire to coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed; cypselae 6–7 mm, apical collar colored like body; root sprouts, if any, arising from deep taproots |
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(55) |
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| 55 (54) |
Involucres of larger heads often exceeding 3 cm; corolla lobes 6.5–13 mm; widespread |
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19 Cirsium undulatum (in part) |
| + |
Involucres of larger heads commonly less than 3 cm; corolla lobes 5.5–9.5 mm; w Colorado, ne New Mexico, se Utah |
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21 Cirsium tracyi (in part) |
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| 56 (52) |
Larger leaves regularly pinnatifid with 8–15 pairs of lobes 0.5–2 cm; cauline leaves evidently decurrent |
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(57) |
| + |
Larger leaves regularly or irregularly pinnatifid with 3–8 pairs of lobes, these often longer than 2 cm; cauline leaves not or only slightly decurrent |
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(58) |
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| 57 (56) |
Principal leaf spines 5–20 mm; Wyoming to New Mexico, adventive in California |
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24 Cirsium ochrocentrum (in part) |
| + |
Principal leaf spines 3–5 mm; Colo., Utah, Wyoming |
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26 Cirsium barnebyi (in part) |
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| 58 (56) |
Abaxial faces of outer and middle phyllaries without elongate glutinous ridge; plants often growing as low, compact, rounded mounds; coastal c, n California |
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56 Cirsium quercetorum (in part) |
| + |
Abaxial faces of outer and middle phyllaries with elongate glutinous ridge (milky when fresh, dark when dry, sometimes very narrow); plants usually erect |
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(59) |
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| 59 (58) |
Cauline leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, shallowly lobed to pinnatifid; cypselae 3–5 mm, apical collar stramineous; root sprouts arising from horizontal runner roots; se British Columbia to n Colorado, Great Plains |
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18 Cirsium flodmanii (in part) |
| + |
Cauline leaves ovate to lanceolate, subentire to coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed; cypselae 6–7 mm, apical collar colored like body; root sprouts arising from deep taproots;widespread |
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(60) |
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| 60 (59) |
Involucres of larger heads often exceeding 3 cm; corolla lobes 6.5–13 mm; widespread |
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19 Cirsium undulatum (in part) |
| + |
Involucres of larger heads commonly less than 3 cm; corolla lobes 5.5–9.5 mm; w Colorado, ne New Mexico, se Utah |
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21 Cirsium tracyi (in part) |
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| 61 (48) |
Phyllaries usually without a glutinous ridge |
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(62) |
| + |
Phyllaries, at least some, with a ± sticky-glandular ridge or raised translucent gland, this usually milky in fresh specimens and darkened in drying |
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(68) |
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| 62 (61) |
Corollas 16–17 mm; leaves broadly elliptic to obovate, tapered to base, armed with slender, fine, flexible spines; Aleutian Islands |
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5 Cirsium kamtschaticum |
| + |
Corollas 18+ mm; leaves linear or oblong to elliptic or oblanceolate, armed with stiff spines |
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(63) |
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| 63 (62) |
Heads usually conspicuously long-pedunculate; Washington to n California |
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32 Cirsium remotifolium (in part) |
| + |
Heads usually ± sessile or short-pedunculate |
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(64) |
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| 64 (63) |
Phyllaries ascending to spreading, connected by long septate or non-septate trichomes |
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(65) |
| + |
Phyllaries appressed, glabrous or ± tomentose |
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(66) |
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| 65 (64) |
Style tips included or exserted only 1–2 mm beyond corolla lobes; Brit- ish Columbia to coastal s California, Montana |
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47 Cirsium brevistylum (in part) |
| + |
Style tips conspicuously exserted beyond corolla lobes; Rocky Moun- tains and high peaks of intermountain region |
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51 Cirsium eatonii (in part) |
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| 66 (64) |
Heads usually not closely subtended by crowded leafy bracts; stems not fleshy; dry soils, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming |
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26 Cirsium barnebyi (in part) |
| + |
Heads usually closely subtended by crowded, leafy bracts; stems ± fleshy; usually wet soils |
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(67) |
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| 67 (66) |
Longer pappus bristles shorter than corollas; corolla throat noticeably wider than tube; usually ± wet habitats, widespread. |
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54 Cirsium scariosum (in part) |
| + |
Longer pappus bristles exceeding corollas by 1–10 mm; corollas very slender, throat scarcely wider than tube; Canada, n Rockies. |
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55 Cirsium foliosum |
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| 68 (61) |
Phyllary bodies (at least outer) ascending or loosely appressed, spines usually erect or ascending; heads commonly in corymbiform or racemiform arrays |
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(69) |
| + |
Phyllary bodies tightly appressed, spines ascending to abruptly spreading; heads borne singly or in paniculiform or corymbiform arrays, or in few-headed arrays at stem tips |
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(71) |
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| 69 (68) |
Cauline leaves conspicuously decurrent; Oregon and e California to w Wyoming |
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38 Cirsium inamoenum (in part) |
| + |
Cauline leaves auriculate-clasping, sometimes also short-decurrent |
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(70) |
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| 70 (69) |
Pubescence all of fine, non-septate arachnoid trichomes, often dense and persistent on leaves; s Oregon, n California. |
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20 Cirsium ciliolatum (in part) |
| + |
Pubescence usually mixture of fine, non-septate arachnoid trichomes and coarser, septate trichomes, usually ± loose and irregularly deciduous from leaves in age; Oregon, n Cali- fornia to w Wyoming |
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39 Cirsium cymosum (in part) |
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| 71 (68) |
Leaves glabrous to thinly tomentose on both faces, ± glabrate adaxially |
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(72) |
| + |
Leaves densely tomentose on abaxial faces, often on both faces |
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(75) |
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| 72 (71) |
Pubescence usually mixture of fine, non-septate arachnoid trichomes and coarser, septate trichomes, usually ± loose and irregularly deciduous from leaves in age; Oregon and n California to w Wyoming |
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39 Cirsium cymosum (in part) |
| + |
Pubescence, when present, of fine, non-septate trichomes; septate trichomes usually absent |
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(73) |
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| 73 (72) |
Polycarpic perennials 20–100 cm; mountains of e Utah, w Colorado. |
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30 Cirsium clavatum (in part) |
| + |
Biennials or monocarpic perennials |
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(74) |
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| 74 (73) |
Plants 100–220 cm; phyllary spines 1–2 mm; wet soils, coastal c California |
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35 Cirsium hydrophilum (in part) |
| + |
Plants 20–100 cm; phyllary spines 2–7 mm; dry slopes, Oregon, e California to w Wyoming |
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38 Cirsium inamoenum (in part) |
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| 75 (71) |
Inner phyllaries usually dark purple to blackish near tips |
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(76) |
| + |
Inner phyllaries greenish to brown or stramineous |
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(77) |
| |
|
|
|
| 76 (75) |
Heads 1–6, borne singly or few at branch tips; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah |
|
28 Cirsium wheeleri (in part) |
| + |
Heads 10–many, ± crowded at branch tips; moist soils, California, Nevada, Oregon |
|
36 Cirsium douglasii |
| |
|
|
|
| 77 (75) |
Basal leaves 8–20+ cm wide; e California to sw Utah, n Arizona |
|
37 Cirsium mohavense |
| + |
Basal leaves 0.7–7 cm wide |
|
(78) |
| |
|
|
|
| 78 (77) |
Cauline leaves not decurrent; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah. |
|
28 Cirsium wheeleri (in part) |
| + |
Cauline leaves evidently decurrent |
|
(79) |
| |
|
|
|
| 79 (78) |
Larger leaves regularly pinnatifid with 8–15 pairs of closely spaced lobes; both leaf faces ± densely tomentose; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming. |
|
26 Cirsium barnebyi (in part) |
| + |
Larger leaves unlobed or with 5–8(–many) pairs of lobes, these usually separated by ± broad, U-shaped sinuses; adaxial leaf faces often glabrous or glabrate |
|
(80) |
| |
|
|
|
| 80 (79) |
Corollas dull white or faintly lavender-tinged (sometimes bright pink-purple in var. davisii); phyllary spines usually fine; Oregon and e California to w Wyoming |
|
38 Cirsium inamoenum (in part) |
| + |
Corollas pink to purple; phyllary spines usually stout, ± flattened; e Idaho and ne Utah to Wyoming and nw Nebraska. |
|
29 Cirsium pulcherrimum (in part) |
