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Compositae Giseke

菊科

PENG, Ching-I & CHUNG, Kuo-Fang; LI, Hui-Lin

Artemisia by LING, Yeou-Ruenn & PENG, Ching-I
Astereae by SOEJIMA, Akiko & PENG, Ching-I
Blumea by LEU, Wen-Pen & PENG, Ching-I
Eupatorium by CHUNG, Shih-Wen & PENG, Ching-I
Senecioneae by PENG, Ching-I & CHUNG, Shih-Wen

Cirsium ferum

Credit: HAST

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, sap sometimes milky. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely whorled, simple or pinnately lobed or divided, estipulate. Flowers 1 to many, arranged in heads, heads solitary or variously arranged into synflorescences. Receptacle variously shaped, either glabrous, setose, or paleaceous, subtended by an involucre of one or more series of bracts (phyllaries). Florets bisexual or unisexual, occasionally neutral. Calyx represented by a pappus of diverse forms or seemingly absent. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular or discoid with 4 or 5 equal teeth or lobes or 2-5 lobes fused and elongate and forming a 2-5 toothed limb or ligule, or corolla bilabiate. Stamens 5, epipetalous, filaments distinct, anthers introrse, connate and forming a tube around style, apex usually appendaged, base often caudate or sagittate. Pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1-celled; style simple, slender, usually bifid; ovule solitary, anatropous. Fruit an achene, often crowned with a setose, paleaceous, or plumose pappus. Endosperm absent.

One of the largest families of flowering plants comprising about 1,535 genera and about 23,000 species, cosmopolitan. About 84 genera and 221 species, plus 20 additional infraspecific taxa in Taiwan.

  • Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland, 752 pp. Cronquist, S. 1955. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Compositae. Amer. Midl. Naturalist. 53: 478-511.

  • Cronquist, S. 1980. Asteraceae Dumort. In L. S. Radford (ed.), Vascular Flora of the Southern United States. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, Vol. 1: 3-261.

  • Hoffmann, O. 1894. Compositae. In A. Engler and K. A. E. Prantl, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. IV. 5: 87-391.

  • Iwatsuki, K., T. Yamazaki, D. E. Boufford & H. Ohba (eds). 1995. Flora of Japan. Vol. 3(b)-Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Sympetalae(b). Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo, 181 pp.

  • Kitamura, S. 1937. Compositae Japonicae. Pars prima. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 13: 1-421, pls. 1-35.

  • Kitamura, S. 1940. Compositae Japonicae. Pars secunda. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 15(3): 285-446, pls. 1-11.

    Kitamura, S. 1942. Compositae Japonicae. Pars tertia. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 16(3): 155-292, pls. 1-8.

  • Kitamura, S. 1955. Compositae Japonicae. Pars quarta. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 22(1): 77-126, pls. 2-4.

  • Kitamura, S. 1956. Compositae Japonicae. Pars quinta. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 23(1): 105-168.

  • Kitamura, S. 1957. Compositae Japonicae. Pars sexta. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 24(1): 1-79, pls. 1-7.

  • Ling, Y. & C. Shih (eds.). 1983. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 76(1). Compositae (3)-Anthemideae. Science press, Beijing, 149 pp.

  • Ling, Y. & C. Shih (eds.). 1983. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 80(1). Compositae (10)-Lactuceae. Science press, Beijing, 342 pp.

  • Ling, Y. & C. Shih (eds.). 1987. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 78(1). Compositae (7)-Echinopsideae, Cynareae. Science press, Beijing, 226 pp.

  • Ling, Y. & S. W. Liu (eds.). 1989. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 77(2). Compositae (4)-Senecioninae. Science press, Beijing, 188 pp.

  • Ling, Y. & Y. L. Chen (eds.). 1985. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 74. Compositae (1)-Vernonieae-Astereae. Science press, Beijing, 388 pp.

  • Ling, Y. & Y. R. Ling (eds.). 1991. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 76(2). Compositae (3)-Anthemideae (2). Science press, Beijing, 321 pp.

  • Ling, Y. (ed.). 1979. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 75. Compositae (2)-Inuleae-Helenieae. Science press, Beijing, 422 pp.

  • Peng, C.-I & C. C. Hsu. 1978. Chromosome numbers in Taiwan Compositae. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 19: 53-66.

  • Tseng, Y. C. (ed.). 1996. Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin. Vol. 79. Compositae (9)-Mutisieae. Science press, Beijing, 113 pp.


    KEY TO TRIBES

    1 Heads ligulate; all florets perfect, ligulate; plant with milky juice.   Tribe. 11. Lactuceae
    + Heads radiate, discoid florets perfect, tubular or bilabiate, outer florets pistillate or neutral; plant without milky juice.   (2)
           
    2 (1) Leaves, at least lower ones, opposite.   (3)
    + Leaves alternate.   (4)
           
    3 (2) Heads discoid; florets white or purple, never yellow; receptacle naked.   Tribe 2. Eupatorieae
    + Heads radiate; or if discoid, then florets yellow; receptacles paleaceous.   Tribe 5. Heliantheae
           
    4 (2) Anthers conspicuously tailed or fimbriate at base; florets all tubullar.   (5)
    + Anthers truncate, round, auriculate or sagittate, but not tailed at base.   (7)
           
    5 (4) Style nodosely thickened below branches, often hispid; receptacle setaceous; plant (leaves and involucral bracts) often spiny.   Tribe 9. Cardueae
    + Style uniformly slender below branches; receptacle glabrous or only short hairy; plant not spiny.   (6)
           
    6 (5) Outer florets pistillate, filiform.   Tribe 4. Inuleae
    + All florets bisexual and bilabiate or rarely with marginal florets ligulate.   Tribe 10. Mutisieae
           
    7 (4) All florets bisexual and tubular, corolla white or purple.   Tribe 1. Vernonieae
    + Outer florets usually pistillate, ligulate or filiform, or if all bisexual and tubular, then corolla yellow.   (8)
           
    8 (7) Receptacle with numerous long bristles; pappus of scales ending in a long awn (in all species).   Tribe 6. Helenieae (Gaillardia)
    + Receptacle without long bristles; pappus usually setaceous or reduced.   (9)
           
    9 (8) Pappus none or of short connate scales; margins and apex of involucral bracts dry, scarious, translucent; plants mostly odoriferous.   Tribe 7. Anthemideae
    + Pappus setaceous, or of scales, if wanting then involucral bracts not as above; plants mostly inodorous.   (10)
           
    10 (9) Style branches with a lanceolate or triangular papillose apical appendage, stigmatic lines prominent, but not reaching apical appendage; involucre of 1-several series of imbricate bracts.   Tribe 3. Astereae
    + Style branches truncate and fimbriate or otherwise, but not as above, stigmatic lines reaching apex; involucre of 1 series of equal bracts, with or without outer bracteoles (calyculate) at base.   Tribe 8. Senecioneae

    List of Keys

  • List of lower taxa


     

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