1	Capsule poricidal above middle; flowers solitary, terminal, or several terminal on main stems and branches; cauline leaves mostly toward base, upper cauline leaves sessile or nearly so, usually linear if present; basal leaves persistent at anthesis (2. C. subg. Rapunculus)		(2)
+	Capsule poricidal toward base; stems with numerous flowers, solitary or in various types of inflorescences; leaves many and evenly distributed on stems; basal leaves usually wilted at anthesis (1. C. subg. Campanula)		(8)
2 (1)	Plants with horizontal rhizomes; stems simple; stems and leaves glabrous		(3)
+	Plants without horizontal rhizomes; stems simple or branched; stems and leaves variously pubescent		(5)
3 (2)	Hypanthium narrowly cylindrical; calyx lobes filiform, longer than corolla.		21 C. aristata
+	Hypanthium obovoid or obconic; calyx lobes subulate or narrowly triangular, shorter than corolla		(4)
4 (3)	Plants 20-50 cm tall; middle cauline leaves longer than 2 cm; calyx lobes 5-9 mm; corolla 15-20 mm, cleft for ca. 1/2 its length.		16 C. stevenii
+	Plants 7-22 cm tall; middle cauline leaves shorter than 2 cm; calyx lobes 1.8-5 mm; corolla 4-11 mm, cleft for ca. 1/3 its length.		22 C. immodesta
5 (2)	Flowers pendent		(6)
+	Flowers erect		(7)
6 (5)	Plants 20-50 cm tall; calyx lobes 1-5.5 mm; corolla lobes as long as tube.		17 C. delavayi
+	Plants 6-33 cm tall; calyx lobes 3-12 mm; corolla lobes ca. 1/2 as long as tube.		18 C. crenulata
7 (5)	Basal leaves cordate-reniform; stems slender but not filiform, hairy, lower half with cordate to ovate-lanceolate leaves; capsule 4-8 mm.		19 C. calcicola
+	Basal leaves cordate; stems filiform, glabrous or subglabrous, with mostly linear leaves; capsule 9-19 mm.		20 C. chrysospleniifolia
8 (1)	Appendages between calyx lobes present, reflexed, setose on margins		(9)
+	Appendages between calyx lobes absent		(11)
9 (8)	Annuals, ca. 6 cm tall; corolla 6-8 mm, green.		3 C. gansuensis
+	Perennials, over 25 cm tall; corolla 9-65 mm, white, purple, or yellow		(10)
10 (9)	Corolla large, 3-6.5 cm, punctate.		1 C. punctata
+	Corolla smaller, narrowly campanulate, less than 1.5 cm, not punctate.		2 C. sibirica
11 (8)	Flowers in a head of 2 to several in axils of involucral bracts, several heads aggregated into a large compound head; leaf blades more than 4 cm, often up to 17 cm		(12)
+	Flowers solitary or in a lax inflorescence; leaves usually much smaller, up to 6 cm		(14)
12 (11)	Corolla lobes linear-lanceolate, longer than tube; plants ca. 10 cm tall.		6 C. austroxinjiangensis
+	Corolla lobes ovate, shorter than tube; plants 14-130 cm tall		(13)
13 (12)	Lower cauline leaves long petiolate; calyx lobes subulate.		4 C. glomerata
+	Lower cauline leaves shortly winged-petiolate; calyx lobes ligulate, rounded at apex.		5 C. glomeratoides
14 (11)	Leaves glabrous on both surfaces or hairy only on margins; corolla glabrous outside; calyx lobes linear or subulate, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely ciliate		(15)
+	Leaves hairy on both surfaces; corolla ± hairy outside; calyx lobes hairy, narrowly triangular to subtriangular, rarely subulate-triangular (subulate only in C. mekongensis)		(16)
15 (14)	Leaves and calyx lobes hispidulous on margins; blades of cauline leaves obovate-elliptic or elliptic.		7 C. nakaoi
+	Leaves and calyx lobes glabrous throughout; blades of cauline leaves linear.		8 C. langsdorffiana
16 (14)	Annual herbs; rosulate basal leaves sometimes present at anthesis; each branch with compound cymes.		14 C. dimorphantha
+	Perennial herbs; basal leaves often absent at anthesis; branches with a single cyme or solitary flower		(17)
17 (16)	Cauline leaves, at least lower ones, long petiolate; petiole 5-12 cm.		9 C. omeiensis
+	Cauline leaves sessile or shortly winged-petiolate		(18)
18 (17)	Calyx tube hairy only along veins; lateral branches with several flowers; calyx lobes subulate, sinus between lobes truncate-obtuse.		15 C. mekongensis
+	Calyx tube densely hairy; lateral branches with a solitary flower or single simple inflorescence; calyx lobes subulate-triangular to deltoid, overlapping, or sinus acute		(19)
19 (18)	Calyx lobes deltoid, with a pair of large teeth; stems long and prostrate; cauline leaves of lower half of stem wilted at anthesis, rest of leaves pannose abaxially, sessile, suborbicular.		13 C. yunnanensis
+	Calyx lobes subulate-triangular, rarely subdeltoid, with or without teeth; stems erect or diffuse; lower cauline leaves often present at anthesis; leaves sparsely hispid or densely pannose abaxially, elliptic, rhombic, or linear-elliptic		(20)
20 (19)	Style strongly exserted; anthers completely or partially connivent; corolla cleft more than halfway.		12 C. chinensis
+	Style included; anthers completely free; corolla cleft down to middle		(21)
21 (20)	Calyx lobes narrowly triangular to subdeltoid, toothed or not; leaves often hispid, less frequently pannose abaxially; stems single or several from one caudex, erect or ascending.		10 C. pallida
+	Calyx lobes subulate-triangular to narrowly triangular, rarely toothed; leaves densely pannose abaxially; stems usually numerous from one caudex, often diffuse, less often ascending.		11 C. cana