1	Achenes enclosed in cupular or urn-shaped torus.		(2)
+	Achenes or drupelets borne on flat or convex torus.		(7)
2 (1)	Carpels numerous; torus fleshy at maturity; shrubs; stems usually prickly.		41 Rosa
+	Carpels 1–4; torus dry and hard at maturity; herbs perennial or shrublets; stems not prickly.		(3)
3 (2)	Flowers 3-merous; style basal; shrublets.		42 Potaninia
+	Flowers (4 or)5-merous; style terminal, rarely basal or sub-basal; herbs perennial.		(4)
4 (3)	Petals present.		(5)
+	Petals absent.		(6)
5 (4)	Hypanthium with hooklike spines abaxially; epicalyx segments absent; stamens 5–15.		43 Agrimonia
+	Hypanthium without hooklike spines abaxially; epicalyx segments present; stamens 35–40.		44 Spenceria
6 (4)	Leaves pinnate; sepals imbricate, epicalyx segments absent; stamens 4–15; style terminal; flowers usually in spicate or capitate inflorescences, bisexual, rarely unisexual (when plants monoecious).		45 Sanguisorba
+	Leaves simple, mostly palmately lobed or parted; sepals valvate, epicalyx segments present; stamens 1–5; style basal or sub-basal; flowers usually in corymbose cymes, always bisexual.		46 Alchemilla
7 (1)	Carpels 4–15, borne at base of flat or slightly concave torus; stipules not adnate to petiole.		(8)
+	Carpels several to numerous, borne on globose or conic torus; stipules adnate to petiole or not.		(10)
8 (7)	Herbs perennial; leaves pinnate or pinnately or palmately lobed; flowers numerous in a terminal panicle or corymb, small.		27 Filipendula
+	Shrubs; leaves simple; flowers solitary, large.		(9)
9 (8)	Leaves alternate; flowers 5-merous; petals yellow; epicalyx segments absent; carpels 5–8.		25 Kerria
+	Leaves opposite; flowers 4-merous; petals white; epicalyx segments present; carpels 4.		26 Rhodotypos
10 (7)	Fruit drupelets or drupaceous achenes; stems prickly, rarely unarmed.		28 Rubus
+	Fruit achenes; stems unarmed.		(11)
11 (10)	Style terminal or subterminal.		(12)
+	Style basal, lateral, or subterminal.		(17)
12 (11)	Style deciduous.		(13)
+	Style persistent.		(14)
13 (12)	Herbs low; basal leaves pinnate, with many leaflets; carpels many; stamens persistent.		33 Coluria
+	Herbs creeping; basal leaves 3–5-foliolate or 3–5-parted; carpels 2–6; stamens deciduous.		34 Waldsteinia
14 (12)	Shrubs dwarf; leaves simple, entire or lobed; flowers (6–)8–10-merous.		29 Dryas
+	Herbs perennial; basal leaves pinnate, rarely simple; flowers 5-merous.		(15)
15 (14)	Style jointed, distal part separating from joint at fruit maturity, proximal part persistent and apically hooked.		30 Geum
+	Style not jointed, wholly persistent at fruit maturity.		(16)
16 (15)	Basal leaves pinnate, with many leaflets; plants hermaphroditic; petals yellow; style not or slightly elongated at fruiting.		31 Acomastylis
+	Basal leaves simple; plants polygamo-monoecious or polygamo-dioecious; petals white; style distinctly elongated at fruiting.		32 Taihangia
17 (11)	Torus inflated and fleshy when ripe.		(18)
+	Torus dry when ripe.		(19)
18 (17)	Petals white; epicalyx segments smaller than sepals.		39 Fragaria
+	Petals yellow; epicalyx segments larger than sepals.		40 Duchesnea
19 (17)	Stamens and carpels many.		(20)
+	Stamens 4 or 5; carpels 4–20.		(21)
20 (19)	Petals yellow or white, longer than sepals.		35 Potentilla
+	Petals purple or white, shorter than or subequaling sepals.		36 Comarum
21 (19)	Stamens alternate with petals; basal leaves palmately or pinnately compound; epicalyx segments present.		37 Sibbaldia
+	Stamens opposite to petals; leaves 3-parted or 2 or 3 × compound; epicalyx segments absent.		38 Chamaerhodos